Gay Rights Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Gay Rights - Research Paper Example child of Florida Citrus Commission and furthermore broadly known for her top rated pop collections had loaned a solid voice against gay activism and fought by expressing that the pervasiveness of this development was genuinely hampering her fundamental right as a mother and making obstructions in the â€Å"moral atmosphere† that is viewed as appropriate for the youngsters (Gillian 127). There are tremendous explanations behind a few divisions of assessment among individuals in regards to same sex marriage despite the fact that they have not been put with validated regulations or rules that would do the trick the reason for relinquishing such relationships. A larger part of against gay activists have not had the option to refer to some other explanation than the standards of the Holy Bible and their discernments have focused on the way that equivalent sex marriage challenges the request for God, which is by and large counter tested by the gay individuals who have over and over expressed that the individuals who have advanced their suppositions may not be fit or physically fit for opposing the privileges of gay people. In actuality, such choices must be taken by the individuals who can imagine gay rights with reason and good judgment as per the gay rights activists. Then again, the examination investigations of Regenurus took an unexpected way in comparison to the pas t investigations led on same sex relationships. This examination depended on an example of youthful American grown-ups and contrasted and a gathering that was naturally flawless. The boundaries that were proposed to be estimated through this exploration included crime percentages, inclination of explicitly transmitted diseases and chronic drug use. The aftereffect of this investigation was very baffling as the vast majority of the youthful grown-ups whose fathers were engaged with same sex relationship were bound to consume medications than others. The young ladies with lesbian moms were multiple times more inclined to blossom with open assistance than the offspring of ordinary natural guardians or even single parents (Ponnuru 29). In spite of the examinations that uncover such defeating reports, gay activists have

Carolina Pad and the Bloggers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Carolina Pad and the Bloggers - Assignment Example As indicated by the case, Carolina Pad got various solicitations from the web bloggers for money installments to trade them for the item audits. Shockingly, the solicitations from bloggers were under $1000, which are moderately limited quantities as indicated by her. The entire organization accepted that giving bloggers the undertaking would offer them a huge return at a higher rate for their limited time financial plan, when contrasted with the conventional types of promoting. Such thought is like numerous different organizations of granting bloggers the undertaking to survey their items, in spite of the fact that Carolina Pad didn't know about their charges. Be that as it may, this case is planned for looking at the moral similarity of going through a great deal of cash in paying the bloggers to survey the items. In addition, the paper suggests the elective activities that Carolina Pad should use as opposed to utilizing bloggers to advance their items. Carolina Pad required distinctly to conjecture for the occasional interest for their items before choosing any type of advancing their items (Lawrence, p. 14-50). This is on the grounds that the promoting technique shifts with a locale or individual stores. The organization additionally expected to embrace better intending to flexibly the huge box to bloggers the undertaking, since the advancement relies upon the objective client so as to be compelling. Taking everything into account, in breaking down the moral quandary confronting April Whitlock, I would prescribe to first to lead an exploration investigation for the objective clients and utilizing the style strategy for ads, for example, web based life. This can be just accomplished by anticipating the interest apportion for each item before putting resources into special expenses.

Bertie Botts Every Flavor Beans + Peanuts + Crackerjacks

Bertie Bott’s Every Flavor Beans + Peanuts + Crackerjacks I pulled another all-nighter this weekend. The last one I pulled was for Mystery Hunt. Now let me tell you why. I woke up Friday morning getting ready for casual Friday at work where I get to wear flip-flops and a t-shirt, and my Harry Potter desktop wallpapers fact of the day read: Today is the last day the world will only have 5 Harry Potter books to read. Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince would soon be released. I dont really remember focusing too much during work; I kinda ambled around the office hoping to waste as much time as possible. I count making 17 trips to the coffee machine. After work finally ended, I met up with some friends to talk about the documentary were producing and then later, I met up with Diana and Evelyn to head over to the Prudential Center where we waited patiently for the strike of midnight when wed be able to get a copy of the book. For entertainment, the party had a Make Your Own Wand booth and they also had a word scramble. The one that gave me the hardest time was: NDECOINI Lets see if you can figure it out. Even the dome was in the mood to celebrate the release of book 6. I originally planned to stay up all night and read the book, so I did. Except instead of in my room, I spent my evening reading the book sitting on the sidewalk outside Fenway Park hoping to get tickets to a game that highlights probably one of the greatest sports rivalries in history, Red Sox v. Yankees. We camped outside Fenway in the company of some rather interesting townies who sometimes criticized our choice to read Harry Potter while others applauded our brilliance to spend our time constructively getting through as many pages as we could. As the sun rose the next morning, I knew that we werent far from knowing if wed get tickets or not. After the guy came through and passed out our numbers to wait in line for tickets, we each took turns running home to clean ourselves of the street. At 11, we got our standing room tickets and went into the park. We walked around for a bit before finding our piece of floor behind home plate. Unfortunately, the Sox lost 7-4, but games at Fenway Park are always enjoyable because the fans get really into it. We then went over to Pour House in time for half-price burgers. After that, I went over to visit with a few friends and play a couple games of cards, then I got home and just crashed having not really slept much at all. I woke up today at 4 PM, finished HBP (AHHH!!! if youve finished, please email me; I need to talk about it with someone), then had some pizza with friends, and that was pretty much the weekend in a nutshell. Tomorrow, its back to work and Ill start re-reading Harry Potter again to see how many details I missed. While I promised to continue the Name My Fish contest today, Ill do that tomorrow (I keep nodding off) For coverage on Harry Potters appearance in Boston, check out Matt and Sams blog. Fun Harry Potter links (no spoilers) Harry Potter Personality Quiz Which House Would You Be In?

Description Of Nutri  On And Chronic Wounds

Arî€Æ'cle Title: Nutriî€Æ'on and Chronic Wounds Molnar, J.A., Underdown M.J., Clark, W.A. (2014). Nutriî€Æ'on and Chronic Wounds. Advances in Wound Care, 3(11), 663-68 Arî€Æ'cle Title: Nutriî€Æ'on and Chronic Wounds Molnar, J.A., Underdown M.J., Clark, W.A. (2014). Nutriî€Æ'on and Chronic Wounds. Advances in Wound Care, 3(11), 663-68 Arî€Æ'cle Title: Nutriî€Æ'on and Chronic Wounds Molnar, J.A., Underdown M.J., Clark, W.A. (2014). Nutriî€Æ'on and Chronic Wounds. Advances in Wound Care, 3(11), 663-68 Arî€Æ'cle Title: Nutriî€Æ'on and Chronic Wounds Molnar, J.A., Underdown M.J., Clark, W.A. (2014). Nutriî€Æ'on and Chronic Wounds. Advances in Wound Care, 3(11), 663-68 Arî€Æ'cle Title: Nutriî€Æ'on and Chronic Wounds Molnar, J.A., Underdown M.J., Clark, W.A. (2014). Nutriî€Æ'on and Chronic Wounds. Advances in Wound Care, 3(11), 663-68 Arî€Æ'cle Title: Nutriî€Æ'on and Chronic Wounds Molnar, J.A., Underdown M.J., Clark, W.A. (2014). Nutriî€Æ'on and Chronic Wounds. Advances in Wound Care, 3(11), 663-68 Article Title: Nutrition Strategies for Wound Healing Posthauer, Mary Ellen, RD, LD, CD. (2012) Journal of Legal Nurse Consulting, Volume 23, Number 1. Maintenance of sufficient nutrition is an essential part of the treatment process for any patient admitted to the hospital. Early identification of patients who have a decreased nutrition status or have nutritional deficits helps to increase healing and overall improves the quality of life for a patient. Nutrition is more than just general food; it includes the overall amounts of

Substance Use Of Substance Use Disorder - 1580 Words

Substance use may be viewed as recreational to some, however to others, it is the beginning of the road to an addiction. According to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-V (2013), a diagnosis of substance use disorder is based on evidence of impaired control, social impairment, risky use, and pharmacological criteria. Substance use disorders occur when recurring drug use, including alcohol, causes clinically and functionally significant damage, such as health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home. These criteria are nearly identical to that of addiction, which is a reason they are used interchangeably. In the last decade, substance use, particularly illicit drug use, has been increasing (DrugFacts: Nationwide trends | National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2014). Is this due to the high stress society in which we live, or an individual’s predisposition to addiction? In all likelihoo d it is a combination of both, as well as emotion regulation, a process which allows for the evaluation, monitoring, and modifying of emotional reactions to accomplish goals. This paper will address the possible role of emotion regulation on substance use disorders and the research behind it. Although drugs vary in their chemical makeup and pharmacological properties, many drugs are used and abused due to their anxiolytic and euphoric effects, increasing positive emotions and alleviating manyShow MoreRelatedSubstance Use Disorder And Substance Abuse997 Words   |  4 PagesSubstance use disorder is defined as being a pattern of maladaptive behaviors and reactions brought about by repeated use of a substance, sometimes also including tolerance for the substance and withdrawal reactions. (pg. 294). The individual I will be talking about for the project is someone that came to crave a particular substance and rely on it every day. Their choice to devote so much of their time to their substance caused issues between their family and friends. Both family and friends startedRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Substance Use Disorder998 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the Diagnostic Statistic Manual 5 (DSM-5) substance use disorder is when the individual has a dependency on alcohol or drug, followed by penetrating craving and antisocial behavior to acquire the substance. The terms substance abuse and substance dependence refer to substance use disorder, which has been separated into three classifications as follows 1. Moderate Drinking the Dietary Guideline says 1 drink a day by women and 2 drinks for men. 2. Binge Drinking 5 or more alcoholic drinkRead MoreSubstance Use Disorder ( Disorder )2013 Words   |  9 Pagespeople who struggle with substance use disorder in the United States seek a form of treatment, and only forty percent of that small percentage is successful after just one year (Bowen et al., 548). This issue spreads far beyond the borders of the United States, because approximately three and a half million drug addicts can be found in China alone (Min et al., 142). It becomes obvious that far more research is needed in the field of treatment for substance use disorders to improve these statisticsRead MoreEssay On Substance Use Disorders1407 Words   |  6 PagesTransitional Housing for Offenders with Substance Use Disorders: An Intervention Project Substance Use Disorder (SUD) and criminal activity are often interconnected and intrinsically linked. It is a relevant and pressing issue associated with continued use, as well as inflated recidivism rates for this population. It has been found that over half of all inmates at county, state, and federal sentencing levels meet criteria for substance use disorders, as well as having served at least 3 total correctionalRead MoreSubstance Use Disorders ( Suds )1720 Words   |  7 Pagesdetermined that children raised by substance using parents are at an increased risk for developing substance use disorders (SUDs) in adulthood as a result of familial dissemination of substance abuse through both the environments in which the children are raised and genetic susceptibility (Merikangas et al., 1998; Merikangas Avenevoli, 2000). Unfortunately, there is an insignificant amount of literature examining the effects that the combined treatment and recovery of substance abusing parents has on th eRead MoreAddiction And Substance Use Disorder Essay763 Words   |  4 Pages Over the last few days at Providence Crosstown Clinic, I have gained a tremendous amount of insight into the field of addiction and substance use disorder. Crosstown Clinic is an addictions treatment clinic with an interdisciplinary team that cares for over seventy clients with substance-use disorder. Clients come into the clinic three times a day and are given either DEM (diacetylmorphine) or HME (hydromorphine). DEM is an addictive drug derived from opium that produces an intense euphoria, alsoRead MoreSubstance Use Disorders ( Sud )1020 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Substance use disorders (SUD’s) are defined when the recurrent use of drugs and / or alcohol give rise to an array of clinically significant behavioral and physical health problems (Agley, 2016; Dwinnels, 2015). Substance use disorders impair individuals’ safety and quality of life and often co-occur with depression disorders (Dwinnels, 2015; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMHSA], 2014). According to the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, approximatelyRead MoreRelated With Substance Use Disorders1724 Words   |  7 PagesFourth and most interesting case, related with substance use disorders. DSM-5 perfectly explains it â€Å"In terms of a mal-adaptive pattern of behaviors that are related to the continued use of drugs, in spite of the fact that their use creates a set of significant problems for the person† (Oltmanns Emery, 2015, p263). Background Information In this case study our subject Mark, was born in a small town where the main source of income was the local power plant. His mother worked at a department storeRead MoreDrugs And Substance Use Disorders Essay1821 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Substance Use Disorders† are new to the DSM-5. Previously, the terms â€Å"abuse† and â€Å"dependence† where used instead. In general, the DSM-5 considers a Substance Use Disorder to be recurrent drug use that causes impairment and continued use, despite substance use related problems. The DSM-5 also focuses on how substance use causes a change in brain functioning. The change is primarily responsible for intense drug cravings, as well as repeated relapses. Finally, the DSM-5 divides use into four groupsRead MoreDrug Use And Substance Use Disorder Patients1291 Words   |  6 Pagesepidemic status with substance use disorder patients. There are many reasons to why we all should be concerned as a nation; however, this very pro blem is an essential topic globally. 230 million drug users are found worldwide and 19.9 million of those are Americans that have used illicit drugs in the year 2007 alone (as cited in Michael’s House, n.d); Furthermore, America makes up 4 percent of the global population and our nation manages to occupy two-third of the illegal drug use worldwide (as cited

Social Inequality Free Essays

Social Inequality Today, there are many stereotypes and discriminatory practices that act as barriers to a woman’s advancement within the workplace. While it is undeniable that there are biological and physical differences between men and women, often times these differences are used to justify the unequal treatment of women not only in the workplace, but within society as a whole. Throughout history, women have often been viewed as the weaker sex and thus their place was thought to be within the home as the family caretaker. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Inequality or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unfortunately, these views continue to define the different social roles for men and women in the world today. This is an issue that almost everyone woman at some point in their life has had to face. Some may experience this unequal treatment at their work place, during their education, or in their everyday lives. Historically, a woman’s primary job was managing the household. As housewives who had no source of income besides that of what their husbands earned. In the public’s eye women were nothing more than wives, homemakers, caregivers, and mothers. It was not thought of for a woman to work a â€Å"real job† their place was at home taking care of the family. Throughout history women have struggled for equality. The Suffrage Movement and later the Affirmative Action were efforts to increase equality among genders. As the United States economy was changing to a more industrialized one it demanded more workers. While men were at war, the demand for workers needed for war production increased. Women decided to help out with war efforts by taking over the jobs left by men. This step was huge for women realizing their potential in the workplace. Prior to 1963 it was legal for a business to pay a woman performing similar work as a man a lower wage. It was also rare to find a woman in a position of authority in a workplace. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 required gender equality for payment of wages. From that point forward it was illegal for an employer to pay a woman a lower wage than a man simply because of her gender. A woman who suffers discrimination under the terms of this law may sue her employer in civil court to recover lost wages and punitive damages. A year later, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed. This granted equal rights to women in all areas of employment. Discrimination of any kind in the workplace based on gender was now illegal. The passing of the Civil Rights Act opened new career doors for women and supplied them with the legal support to do so. However, The Civil Rights Act was amended in 1991 when the federal government moved to include sexual harassment in the law’s statutes. This revision allowed women to sue employers who permitted sexual harassment in the workplace for compensatory and punitive damages in court. This amendment to the Act did not stop sexual harassment in the workplace but it does help to empower women to fight back against the behavior. Even with these laws there is still a significant pay gap among men and women. For example in 2011, women working full time in the United States typically earned just 77 percent of what men earned, a gap of 23 percent. This gap has narrowed since the 1970s, due mainly to women’s progress in education and workforce participation and to men’s wages rising at a slower rate. The subject of equal pay is not only a woman’s issue but also the family’s issue. Families are relaying on women’s earning more than ever just to make ends meet. In typical married households, women’s incomes accounted for 36 percent of total family income in 2008, up from 29 percent in 1983. These days a large majority of mothers are in the paid labor force, and about one-third of employed mothers are the sole breadwinners for their families. For the 34 percent of working mothers who are the sole breadwinner for their family; either because they are single parents or their spouses is not in the labor force. The gender pay gap can contribute to poor living conditions, poor nutrition, and fewer opportunities for their children. And for these women, closing the gender pay gap is much more than a point of pride it’s a matter of necessity. In 2011 women working full time made annual earnings of $37,118, while men annually made $48,202. Although statistics show the gender pay gap is smallest among the youngest workers. For instance, in 2010 full-time workers ages 16–19, women earned 95 percent of what men earned on a weekly basis. Among workers 65 years and older, women earned only 76 percent of what their male peers earned. Women typically earn more than 90 percent of what men earn until around the age of 35, at which point median earnings for women start to grow much more slowly than median earnings for men. After age 35, women’s median earnings fall to between 75 and 80 percent of the median earnings of men and remain there until retirement. When you look at education statistics you’ll see that more education is an effective tool for increasing earnings, but it is not an effective tool against the gender pay gap. At every level of academic achievement, women’s median earnings are less than men’s median earnings, and in some cases, the gender pay gap is larger at higher levels of education. While more education is an effective tool for increasing earnings, it is not an effective tool against the gender pay gap. In nearly every line of work, women face a pay gap no matter their education background or training. While a pay gap exists in nearly every occupational field, jobs traditionally associated with men tend to pay better than traditional female jobs, regardless of skill required. Even in 2012, women and men still tend to work in different kinds of jobs. This segregation of occupations is a major factor behind the pay gap. A significant part of the problem with workplace inequality is that women, throughout history have traditionally assumed the responsibility of child-rearing. As a result, women’s work outside the home is still seen as secondary or supplemental, even when they occupy highly skilled, professional, or management positions. The reasoning is that the Father’s responsibility is with employment, while the Mother’s is with the household. However, this is increasingly no longer the case in modern society. Employers often perceive working mothers as confronting a conflict of loyalty between home and work, and assume that these women, regardless of their circumstances, will lack the commitment required of the â€Å"ideal worker,† and thus they often exclude women as candidates for positions structured for such workers. Studies have shown that often times when a woman has to take a leave of absence from her job to meet family responsibilities, these absences have hurt their potential for future advancement within their organizations and others. Some businesses feel women will place their professional lives on hold in order to attend to family needs. This however is not always the case. If needed there should be a child care facilities on site, which should provide flexible working arrangements and hours. I personally believe that woman can balance the two lives, if the company is willing to provide assistance. There is experimental research documented showing that employers are less likely to hire mothers compared with childless women, and when employers do make an offer to a mother, they offer them lower salaries than they do other women. Fathers, in contrast, do not suffer a penalty compared with other men. Clearly, parenthood often affects men and women very differently in terms of labor force participation and how they are viewed by employers, and that difference may be reflected in a worker’s salary. According to the U. S. Department of Labor, more than 50% of women participate in the labor force. Of those 57 million in the workforce, only 72% work full time while the other 28% are part time workers. Many of those part-time workers hold multiple jobs. Even though women occupy more jobs than before, we can still a concentration in jobs being viewed as traditionally female. The top five occupations for women in 2003 were secretaries and administrative assistants (96. 3%), elementary and middle school teachers (80. 6%), registered nurses (90. 2%), nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides (89%), and cashiers (75. 5%). Women continue to get paid less than men. Despite the awareness of gender inequality, there are still arguments about gender difference and assumptions that women and men are from different plants. The workplace still remains an unequal area, by persistent sex segregation, wage inequality, sex discrimination, and sexual harassment. Both women and men work, not only because they have to but want to. Employers should not judge women as being non-dependable. Family structure has changed dramatically over the years. Both parents share the family responsibilities. To compensate for the change businesses have introduced flextime, job sharing, telecommuting, on-site day care, and parental leave. Employers should accommodate a woman’s needs and expand the gender diversity in their company. There was a time where balance of respect and roles never existed between the two, but today, both men and women are truly redefining themselves and their relationships with each other. Most importantly women have broken from the bondage of dependence on men. They no longer have to submit themselves to one main role in the family life as the mother; they can now go beyond that and become the family breadwinner. How to cite Social Inequality, Papers Social Inequality Free Essays string(43) " the effectiveness of redress legislation\." All that a good government aims at, is to add no social constructs to the force of its own unavoidable consequences, and to abstain from strengthening social inequality as a means of increasing political inequalities. With that said, in this paper I will briefly address the race, class, gender debate with greater emphasis on diversity and social development policies taken up by post apartheid South Africa to redress inequality. It is imperative that we define key concepts in order to fully grasp the notion of this paper. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Inequality or any similar topic only for you Order Now Firstly inequality is defined as the unequal distribution of power, wealth, income and social status. But what creates structural inequalities in societies? Race, class and gender! Hence the term â€Å"social inequality†, it refers to the ways in which socially-defined categories of persons (according to characteristics such as gender, age, ‘class’ and ethnicity) are differentially positioned with regard to access to a variety of social ‘goods’, such as the labour market and other sources of income, the education and healthcare systems, and forms of political representation and participation (Web 1). Creating inclusive organisations that welcome diversity and meet needs of different social groups is termed as diversity management (Beall 1997:3). Social development policies refer to the social relations necessary for human wellbeing and the systems by which wellbeing may be promoted. Social inequality as mentioned above was created through power struggles on which colonialism, apartheid and segregation were based (Terreblanche 2002:26). We live in a country where our worth has been minimized to a social construct , where individuals identities are shaped by these factors which decide if one is a â€Å"have or have-not† and are denied the same level of access to rewards and resources as other groups. As a result many participants in the workplace experience discrimination. Discrimination in the workplace is based on the â€Å"so called differences† of workers in an organisation relating to the â€Å"evil triplets (race, class and gender) of South Africa as described by Cebekhulu in (Simon, Madimeng Khan 2011:31). Discrimination is largely influenced by the power of one class over the other in the context of South Africa we are talking about the capitalists over the working class. In South Africa exclusion has gone beyond inter racial inequalities and now it is intra racial(within one race group) hence the development of black elites created by Black Economic Empowerment(which we will discuss in the latter part of this paper) and the poor black. This gap between the haves and the have-nots originates from the apartheid regime due to the impact of institutionalized discrimination which saw the advent of extraction of cheap labour therefore leading to the exclusion of majority of South Africa to fall under â€Å"elite class†. However companies have adopted diversity management to try mending the cracks between individuals in an organisation. Firstly what is diversity? According to Beall it is variation and modification according to wealth, race and gender issues, education and occupational level (1997:9). We understand that our differences create conflict amidst social identities therefore the need for diversity management is crucial. Diversity management assists members of an organization to embrace the fact that we are not the same therefore differences in opinions and views may arise(Web 2) therefore members are encouraged to be tolerant and accepting of others and their ways of doing things because it brings a variety of â€Å"ingredients†( interests, values, physical and emotional characteristics to the â€Å"pot† (workplace). The crux of this paper is on the social development policies which are concerned with meeting the needs of individuals by redistributing resources to the most needy, however we find that by targeting a certain â€Å"deserving group† further creates more problems. Why is this so? Because the people that are said to be needy are socially constructed, we tend to decide who needs what based on their current state which therefore attaches a stigma or a label to that person. When we label and categorize people according to identities they assert we fail to recognise their full potential (Beall 1997:10). For example a disabled person can come to be seen as disabled as compared to others which clouds ones vision of that person’s strengths, weaknesses and qualifications and therefore we tend to undermine their capabilities. The act of targeting â€Å"a specific group† further perpetuates status and class which was discussed above in the race class debate, further widening the gap between the haves and the have-nots. As mentioned above that an effective diversity management program will promote recognition and respect for the individual differences found among a group of employees, we must note that organisations face numerous problems associated with managing diversity and culture therefore it is of utmost importance that when policy making and management takes place it should collaborate with diversity(Beall 1997:10). Hence why he states that diversity management requires employment equity in its implementation. The Employment Equity Act (EEA) no. 55 of 1998 was set in place to redress inequality in South Africa which was created by discriminatory laws and related practices of the apartheid regime, its aim was to ensure no individuals were denied employment opportunities for reasons unrelated to ability. (Butterworth, 2001: 11). Its great focus was on developing the previously marginalised which also included women. In a report on Pretoria news by the South African Reserve governor, Marcus (2011), statistics show that South African women make up 52 percent of the total population according to Statistics South Africa (Website 3) and contribute 41 percent of a total national labour force but hold 19. 3 percent of top senior positions in management as relatively compared to their other countries, in Australia 8 percent, Canada 16. 9 percent and US 14. 4 percent on gender economic empowerment. There are a number of reasons for why women did not participate equally in the workplace like males, firstly past policies were more gender insensitive, cultural patterns placed women in domesticated positions such as secretaries because they feminine and compassionate. Whereas majority managerial positions are assigned to men because they masculine and tough. Hence, employment changes have undermined the effectiveness of redress legislation. You read "Social Inequality" in category "Essay examples" When considering the success of redress legislation, we need to consider the nature of employment in the labour market by assessing the pressures from international labour markets as well as recent trends of employment. Like the Skills Development Act it negatively affected employment creation because they have increased non wage cost of labour. Secondly Affirmative Action is also viewed as a diversity management tool. According to Human affirmative action â€Å"is a temporary intervention to achieve equal opportunities and to eliminate disparities between diverse employees† (1996:2)). Note, there tends to be confusion between affirmative action and EEA, well evidently enough they are both government initiatives that promoted fairness for â€Å"a specific group† that shows the pool of skills available in the labour market. As highlighted in the topic â€Å"targeting specific groups poses danger† I support this statement because managing diversity should not put a label on individuals as noted by Beall because as individuals we differ even in our abilities. When we use iversity management based on differences, we note that these differences tend to lock people into distinct categories, and can imply social discrimination(Cassim 2012) hence the â€Å"danger†. Take for instance a black student from a rural background and one from the suburbs then ask them to present a lecture in IOLS, there is a greater chance that the student from a suburban background will have greater communication skills as opposed to the other yet they both qualified to study IOLS at tertiary level. Hence whilst a person maybe black, he may differ greatly from other black employees (Cassim 2012). I believe it is incorrect that we may manage diversity based on stereotypes and prejudices (Herselman 2004: 157) we have about others and apply it to the organisational culture rather we understand that people share common aspects but differ gradually. Without affirmative action promoting diverse employees, organizations would rarely have the diversity of staff to reach a stage where differences are valued and diversity is effectively managed. We need to understand that managing diversity is crucial for the development of individuals in organisations. If we are to truly eradicate social inequalities in our society, the better management of diversity will assist organisations in doing so. Thirdly it is interesting to note that Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) is linked to employment equality just like we found affirmative action to be. Pay careful attention to the fact that BEE is not affirmative action but EEA forms part of it (Butterworth; 2001:36). BEE is a program launched by the South African government to redress the inequalities of Apartheid by giving previously disadvantaged groups (black Africans, Coloureds and Indians, who are South African citizens) economic opportunities (Southall 2004:456). The main objective of BEE is to address the systematic exclusion of the majority of South Africans from full participation in the economy (Ronnie 2006: 6). But the question is,did BEE meet its objectives? David Masondo criticized BEE accusing the ANC of collaborating with the white capitalists to transfer wealth to the black elite. This statement is supported by the minimalist approach of BEE which promotes black businessmen and black businesses in the private sector (Southall 2004: 456), due to this commonly known definition of BEE it is the reason why we view it as only favouring a few elite blacks. Few elite blacks? Target specific groups†? Iis there a link here? Yes, because initially BEE also targeted a certain group of people it did ot address inequality on a broader scale it was only with the advent of Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment which took the maximalist approach which entails the comprehensive restructuring of institutions and society which aims to empower black people on a whole as a collective (Southall 2004:456). To answer the question of whether BEE could be used as a manager of diversity I stand to say no, because apartheid witnessed white capital built through the exploitation of black people and today from the first few years of ANC led government saw the rise of black elites. The elites enriched themselves through BEE instead of contributing actively to the broader transformational process meaning BEE is used by black elites to comfortably position themselves. Note, apartheid created a divide between blacks and whites and today BEE has created a further divide within blacks themselves hence creating â€Å"class† ( black elite and poor blacks). Therefore I would conclude that BEE would not have dealt with diversity management effectively. Given this it is important for whites to realize that it will not be easy to resolve inequality. Policies have been put in place to address these gaps, but how effective have they been? Another policy that has been introduced is the Basic Conditions of Employment Act, 75 of 1997 which aimed to protect workers. However it is said to contribute to failure to create more jobs in South Africa, reason being the act creates minimum working conditions that employers have to abide by, this increases cost of labor/ productivity. Some believe employers are reluctant to hire more workers (it will create more employment opportunities) due to this act. However if implemented correctly the BCEA can have more promising benefits, it could improve working conditions of low paid workers in South Africa. We must note that it might not have a positive effect on employment creation but has a positive effect on the composition of employment. The best diversity management tool must set out to increase productivity and the quality of work life. It encourages tolerance of those we believe are different to us and also celebrates diverse opinions and views which color a workplace. Also it must encourage employees to understand that the needs and behaviours of other cultures will be different to ours therefore clear respectful communication is important between cultures is. Therefore a tool that I believe could manage diversity effectively is Ubuntu. In my understanding ubuntu is showing an act of humanity and compassion to others, hence, we need to accept cultural differences but manage diversity for example, respect the cultural belief of Africans, the Muslim dress code and so forth. This concept is based on brotherhood and unity- It is a unifying vision or world view coined in the Zulu â€Å"umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu†, meaning â€Å"a person is a person through other persons† (Shutte, 1993:46). I believe South Africa could find Ubuntu as a winning strategy at managing diversity instead of using methods of other points on a compass for they fail in our country because they not suited for our SA organisations for we must note that each organisation in a different region operates differently and faces different challenges. Its’ strategy was used as a stepping stone to develop unified visions of the community and to create a sense of belonging in the workplace therefore it will encourage and motivate individuals to being team players and work as a team effectively. What is important and a very good point is the fact that ubuntu believes the way forward and to succeed is through human dignity and respecting one another. Hence, if South African organisations aim to be competitive and to manage diversity appropriately simultaneously, they need to adopt it as a practice within their processes. As a management approach it should address the main challenge in South Africa which is the lack of skills, how so? By training the current scholars with the goal to develop skills within them. Mindsets of individuals must shift away from assigning people labels because this creates more problems on its own. Using ubuntu to manage diversity will lead to people working together and reach a point of competitive spirit and advantage (Cassim 2012). Lastly we must pay attention to the fact that ubuntu is an attempt to move away from solidifying identities based on race etc. s it creates a â€Å"danger†. In conclusion since South Africa’s first democratic elections in 1994 that country has underwent great transformations in the workplace. As we see today the growing number of women entering the labour force and the inclusion of blacks. However one of the biggest challenges faced by South African organisation’s is managing our cultural differences that hinder progress. I t is advent that diversity is not going away especially as we continue to develop policies that â€Å"target a specific group† all we are doing by singling a group we are enlarging the ap between the haves and the have-nots. Diversity is here to stay and all leaders and managers have to find methods that will help eradicate inequalities based on social constructs and cope with diversity. Implementation of social policies led to South Africa redefining itself as a non racial and democratic society. Research shows that parliament merited the employment equity act which is said to have eradicated inequalities in the business organisations towards true meaning of diversity. As stated above diversity problems will always be tattooed over our country because for centuries it was faced with oppression which lead to blacks feeling inferior and as a result to date some blacks believe that they are less capable than whites. These stereotypes lie beneath the surface but are still very much alive and shouting. Sad reality is that our labour market is still dominated by white ownership and management. Some believe that opportunities for whites irrespective of their income or educational status remain abundant. There have been a number of wealthy blacks rising, and a rise in the middle class thanks’ to the development of BEE. However not all is lost, on the positive side, the number of blacks in higher education dramatically increased, the number of blacks as business owners’ increased, black managers and black professionals have increased. But yes on the other end of the scale the quality of education received in primary years is still questionable. The question is when will we stop using race as a measure in employment? Reference Page 1. Beall, J. (1997) Valuing Difference and Working with Diversity 2. Butterworths (2001). â€Å"Basic Conditions of Emloyment Act†. Durban: Butterworth Publishers (PTY) Ltd. 3. Moodley, N (2000). â€Å"An Exploratory Study of the Attitude of Middle Managers in the Greater Durban Area: A Focus on Cultural Diversity and Cultural Diversity Mangement†. Durban: UKZN 4. Shutte, A. 1993. Philosophy for Africa. Rondebosch, South Africa: UCT Press. 5. Southall, R. (2004) Black Empowerment and Corporate Capital. State of the Nation 2004-2005 [online] Available at: www. hsrcpress. ac. za 6. Terreblanche, S. (2002) A history of Inequality in South Africa. [e-book] Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press Other Sources Web 1: http://www. ceelbas. ac. uk/research/socialinequality Date Accessed: 9 August 2012 Web 2: http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-diversity-management. htm (Accessed on 25-08-12 11:30 am) Web 3: Website 2: Statistics South Africa. (2006) Women in Leadershirship. [online] Available at: http:///www. statistics. com[Accessed 24 August 2012] How to cite Social Inequality, Essay examples

Negative Gearing Concept & Implications

Question: Describe about the Negative Gearing for Concept Implications. Answer: Abstract The aim of the given report is to present an overview of the concept of negative gearing in regards to assets particularly shares and property. Negative gearing refers to a situation where the underlying income drawn from the asset is insufficient to cover the interest expenses on the amount borrowed for purchasing the asset. This is widespread amongst investors due to the underlying tax savings that could be reaped as the loss on these assets could be offset against the taxable income and hence lower tax liability. However, if investors tend to purchase assets driven by tax saving only, negative gearing may lead to asset bubbles and lead to systematic risk to stability in the financial system. As a result, it is imperative that regulation of the tax incentives in negative gearing must be done so as to ensure that genuine buyers are not discouraged and systemic stability is maintained. Introduction Property and Shares have emerged as a valuable asset which provides an alternative to various investors who have surplus money. With regards to buying property specially houses or built up office spaces, it is usually the case that funds available may not be sufficient and thus a significant amount of funds may be borrowed which are repaid in a systematic manner. The investors tend to put the property on rent and tend to derive regular rent payments besides long term capital appreciation. Based on the relative comparison of the rent income with the respective costs borne by the property owner, a property may be termed as positive geared or negatively geared (Hazel, 2015). The aim of this report is to introduce the concept of negative gearing with reference to the various implications (positive and negative) that it has for the potential investors who pursue this method. In this regard, it is imperative to consider the underlying volatility that is observed in the property prices in t he recent times especially in the aftermath of the global financial crisis. It is apparent from this research that negative gearing is a double edged sword and hence caution must be exhibited while investing in such assets especially in a risky and volatile environment. Concept of Negative Gearing Negative gearing refers to a situation where the income derived from the property in the form of rent is lower than the total costs associated with property ownership on behalf of the owner. Since the expenses tend to exceed the income, hence for such properties, the taxpayer would realise a loss and hence such properties are known as negatively geared properties. In contrast, positive gearing implies the situation where the rent revenue would exceed the ownership costs and hence the owner would report a positive taxable income from the property (Wyatt, McDonald Nandha, 2005). The various expenses that are included in the list of ownership costs are interest expenses on property loans, legal fees, land tax, depreciation, insurance, repair and maintenance, council taxes, property management fees and charges related to cleaning, gardening and lawn mowing. Similar concept may be extended to shares as well whereby negative gearing may exist in situations where the dividend income does n ot cover the interest cost on borrowings used to finance buying of portfolio (Hanegbi, 2002). Example: Consider a property which has been purchased for a price of $ 400,000. Further, it is assumed that the given property is rented with expected proceeds of $ 500 per week. Additionally, the various ownership costs which include all the above costs amount to $ 600 per week on the average. Hence, it is apparent that expected annual taxable income from the property would be (500-600)*52 = -$ 5,200. Due to the expected property costs exceeding the revenue derived, thus resulting in a negative taxable income from the property, this property is an example of negatively geared property. Implications of Negative Gearing Based on the underlying concept of negative gearing, it is apparent that it refers to a situation where the investor makes loss on the asset. This gives rise to a pertinent question as to why the investor would prefer to do so. The various advantages of negative gearing are highlighted below. Tax saving The major advantage associated with assets that are negatively geared is the fact that the losses made on such assets could be utilised for lowering the taxable income of the investors. As a result, the investors with high amount of taxable income from their business or employment tend to invest in negatively gearing assets so as to lower their underlying tax liability. In Australia, the incidence of negative gearing is widespread in case of rented properties as it allows the owners to offset the losses derived from their rented properties against the personal taxable income (Hazel, 2015). Capital growth strategy Since the continuous ownership of asset presents an incentive to the owner in the form of tax saving, hence negative gearing promotes long term ownership of the asset which invariably leads to capital appreciation in the asset value and atleast ensures that the final asset price is atleast equal to the acquisition price if not more. However, in most cases, this leads to wealth creation for the investors (Sedgwick, 2008). Despite the positive associated with negative gearing, it is imperative to consider certain disadvantages associated with negative gearing which the investor must keep in mind. These are highlighted below. Higher Risk The amount of risk associated with this mechanism is comparatively greater especially in the current volatile times as the underlying asset price may plummet due to market shock as was observed in the case of global financial crisis. Due to higher volatility in the underlying asset market, the investor may suffer nominal capital erosion. This loss of capital may significantly outweigh the tax benefits owing to negative gearing. As a result, the investors should be cautious with regards to investing in only quality assets as if investment is done only with purpose of saving tax, then the strategy could backfire (Soos, 2012). Systematic Risk It is quite possible that the asset price of share or property may plummet to such an extent that there is no incentive for the asset holder to continue making the interest and principal repayment for the borrowed amount for financing the asset purchase. In such cases, it is quite possible that the asset owner would default on the loan repayment and the bank would have no option but to liquidate the underlying asset whose fair market value may be lesser than the loan extended. Such incidents if replicated on a large scale could potentially trigger a financial crisis and threaten the underlying stability of banking system as was evident during financial crisis (Yates, 2008). Overpriced asset If the decision of the investors to purchase a given asset is strongly driven by the intention to real tax savings, then there is a distortion in the market whereby investors who have incentive in the form of tax savings would tend to buy the assets whereas genuine buyers of property and shares may be sidelined or would have to purchase the asset at a higher price (Wyatt, McDonald Nandha, 2008). Also, negative gearing if widespread may lead to asset bubbles and hence requires regulation (Sedgwick, 2008). Conclusion On the basis of the above discussion, it is fair to conclude that negative gearing implies an underlying asset to have negative taxable income from the asset. This is usually done by investors in order to save on taxes as these losses on assets can be offset against the taxable income. However, in lieu of the underlying asset volatility, there are potential risks of indulging in negative gearing. It may lead to formation of an asset bubble besides leading to higher defaults on loan which may trigger a crisis and cause instability in the financial system. As a result of the implied risks, it is imperative that prudent measures should be undertaken to limit the tax incentives associated with negative gearing so as to encourage genuine buyers and ensure that assets are fairly priced. References Hazel, B 2015, Discourses around negative gearing of investment properties in Australia, Housing Studies, DOI: 10.1080/02673037.2015.1080820 Hanegbi, R 2002, Negative Gearing: Future Directions, Deakin Law Review, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 349-357 Minas, J Lim, Y 2013, Taxing capital gains views from Australia, Canada and the United States, eJournal of Tax Research, Vol. 11, No.2, pp. 191-215 Sedgwick, S. 2008, Policy Forums: Housing Affordability: what are the policy issues?, The Australian Economic Review, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 187-194 Soos, P 2012, Its time to abolish negativegearing, The Conversation, Available online from https://theconversation.com/its-time-to-abolish-negative-gearing-9879 (Accessed on October 11, 2016) Wyatt, K, McDonald, J Nandha, M 2005, Negative Gearing and Housing Affordability, Journal of Australian Taxation, Vol. 8, No.1, pp. 150-159 Yates, J 2008, Policy Forums: Housing Affordability: what are the policy issues? Is there a housing crises? Australias Housing Affordability Crises, The Australian Economic Review, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 200-210

what Essays - Misha, Jeremy Harmer, Three Fates, Nightmare 8

RE: The Prince and the Thre... curious-man RE: The Sister of the Sun curious-man RE: The Enchanted Head curious-man RE: True or false :] I-She RE: Can you give me a pictu... maxilady RE: Boom! Game maxilady RE: Boom! Game bulutumsu RE: True or false :] bulutumsu RE: Who has this name? bulutumsu RE: Can you give me a pictu... bulutumsu RE: True or false :] maxilady RE: The person after me game ZeYthiN RE: Who has this name? maxilady RE: Boom! Game maxilady [?eviri&Yard?m]So that ... mehmet321 The Prince and the Three Fates ZeYthiN The Sister of the Sun ZeYthiN The Enchanted Head ZeYthiN c?mle ?evirisi mehmet321 [Yarma] Grammar Nightmare 8. S?n?f 1. D?nem 2. S?nav Misha Verb Mood TheDimpLe Do you want Karate? afk 2010-2011 8th Grade 1st Ter... bluewall07 2010-2011 7th Grade 1st Ter... bluewall07 2010-2011 6th Grade 1st Ter... bluewall07 ESL aloud. General Practice... Misha Jeremy Harmer - How to Teac... Misha Mediterranean Diet Helps Co... badr bulutumsu (40 mesaj) ZeYthiN (33 mesaj) Misha (33 mesaj) ?zNuR (29 mesaj) afk (28 mesaj) MeLoNSHaPKa (27 mesaj) TheDimpLe (21 mesaj) curious-man (20 mesaj) badr (13 mesaj) I-She (12 mesaj) terc?man (12 mesaj) Nightmare (10 mesaj)

Dean Corll and The Candy Man Murders

Dean Corll and 'The Candy Man' Murders Dean Corll was a 33-year-old electrician living in Houston who, with two teen accomplices, kidnapped, raped, tortured, and murdered at least 27 young boys in Houston in the early 1970s. The Candy Man Murders, as the case was called, was one of the most horrific series of murders in U.S. history. Corlls Childhood Years Corll was born on Christmas Eve in 1939 in Fort Wayne, Ind. After his parents divorced, he and his brother, Stanley, moved with their mother to Houston. Corll seemed to adjust to the change, doing well in school and described by his teachers as polite and well-behaved. In 1964, Corll was drafted into the military but received a hardship discharge a year later to help his mother with her candy business. He earned the nickname The Candy Man because he often treated children to free candy. After the business closed, his mother moved to Colorado and Corll began training as an electrician. An Odd Trio There was nothing remarkable about Corll except his odd choice of friends, mostly young male teens. Two were particularly close to Corll: Elmer Wayne Henley and David Brooks. They hung around Corlls house or rode in his van until Aug. 8,  1973, when Henley shot and killed Corll at his home. When police interviewed Henley about the shooting and searched Corlls home, a bizarre, brutal story of torture, rape, and murder emerged, called The Candy Man Murders. During police interrogation, Henley said Corll paid him $200 or more per head to lure young boys to his house. Most were from low-income neighborhoods, easily persuaded to come to a party with free alcohol and drugs. Many were Henleys childhood friends and trusted him. But once inside Corlls home, they become victims of his sadistic, murderous obsessions. The Torture Chamber Police found a bedroom at Corlls house that appeared to have been designed for torture and murder, including a board with handcuffs attached, ropes, a large dildo, and plastic covering the carpet. Henley told police that hed infuriated Corll by bringing his girlfriend and another friend, Tim Kerley, to the house. They drank and did drugs, and all fell asleep. When Henley awoke, his feet were bound and Corll was handcuffing him to his torture board.  His girlfriend and Tim also were bound, with electrical tape over their mouths. Henley knew what would follow, having witnessed this scenario before. He convinced Corll to free him by promising to participate in the torture and murder of his friends. Then he followed Corlls instructions, including attempting to rape the young woman. Meanwhile, Corll was trying to rape Tim, but he fought so much that Corll became frustrated and left the room. Henley grabbed Corlls gun, which hed left behind. When Corll returned, Henley shot him six times, killing him. Burial Grounds Henley readily talked about his part in the murderous activity and led police to the victims burial sites. At the first location, a boat shed Corll rented in southwest Houston, police uncovered the remains of 17 boys. Ten more were found at other sites in or near Houston. Altogether, 27 bodies were recovered. Examinations revealed that some boys had been shot while others were strangled. Signs of torture were visible, including castration, objects inserted into victims rectums, and glass rods pushed into their urethras. All had been sodomized. Community Outcry Houston police were criticized for failing to investigate missing persons reports filed by the dead boys parents. The police viewed most reports as probable runaways, although many came from the same area. Their ages ranged from 9 to 21; most were in their teens. Two families lost two sons to Corlls rage. Henley confessed to knowing about Corlls brutal crimes and participating in one murder. Brooks, although closer to Corll than Henley, told police he had no knowledge of the crimes. Following the investigation, Henley insisted three more boys had been murdered, but their bodies were never found. In a highly publicized trial, Brooks was convicted of one murder and sentenced to life in prison. Henley was convicted of six murders and received six 99-year terms. Killing The Candy Man was judged an act of self-defense.   Source Olsen, Jack.  The Man With the Candy: the Story of the Houston Mass Murders. Simon Schuster (P), 2001.

U.K. GCSE Coursework- 19th Ghost Stories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

U.K. GCSE Coursework- 19th Ghost Stories - Essay Example In The Judge’s House the reader is introduced to the character of Malcolm Malcolmson through an omniscient third person narrator. Malcolmson â€Å"feared the attractions of the seaside, and also he feared completely rural isolation.†1 So the dominant feature of this character, at least at first, is â€Å"fear†. He would thus seem to be not very well suited to dealing well with an encounter with a ghost. Malcolmson is deliberately removing himself from everyone and everything he knows in order to study for exams. He is obviously of middle or upper class origins and determined to do well in his academic work. Soon the reader discovers that he is a mathematician, and possesses the self-confidence (some might say arrogance) of a man of science who thinks that only things that can be measured in a scientific sense are worth considering. Thus when he is warned about the terrors of the judge’s house, he replies casually, â€Å" . . . but my dear Mrs. Witham, indeed you need not be concerned about me! A man who is reading for the Mathematical Tripos has too much to think of to be disturbed by any of these mysterious somethings . . . â€Å"2 He thus rejects the supernatural in a good-humored but essentially dismissive manner. He has the confidence of youth, of education and of science. The rest of the story reveals how this confidence is demolished piece by piece. On his initial encounter with the rats that swarm through the house, on his first night of study, Malcomson ends up feeling remarkably at home with the vermin: â€Å"for a little while the rats disturbed him somewhat with their perpetual scampering, but he got accustomed to the noise as one does to the ticking of the clock or the roar of moving water. . . â€Å"3. The rats, at least these non-supernatural rats, are part of the physical world that Malcolmson is studying and feels comfortable with, at least to a point. The fact that â€Å"his problem was still unsolved† at the

Justify the Importance of the Safe School Collaborative Process Essay

Justify the Importance of the Safe School Collaborative Process Considering the Social Cognition of School-age Children - Essay Example School, society and organizations should form collaboration for this purpose because the lives of school-age children revolve around the school and the society. According to Winer and Ray (1994), partners who are coming into collaboration usually have in mind services they want to integrate so as to achieve some long-term goals together. Therefore, they must overcome various layers of resistance to policies, attitudes and relationships within and across institutions, throughout the community and among consumers. This means they have to develop a process of change that will enable them overcome any resistance. These partners have to device a process of working together and this process should be flexible enough to accommodate or allow adjustments to new circumstances. After agreeing to collaborate, the first and most important thing that has to be done by the collaborative is the creation of the process itself. This involves the development of important guidelines that will serve as the framework on how the parties involved will work together throughout the project. For collaboration to succeed, there needs to be a full support of the management. At times, collaborative can find themselves repeating milestones and stages because new people have become involved or because the group has clarified its intent and purpose another level (Winer and Ray, 1994). For successful collaboration, tactical planning and strategic planning are very crucial. Strategic planning entails visualizing something and then coming up with a way of making it actualize. Therefore, strategic planning is a tool that gives direction of actions and builds systems that will lead to the achievement of the desired outcome or goals (Kono, 1994).On the other hand, the purpose of tactical planning is to link the strategic plan or the long-term business plan of the collaboration to operations. It provides a motivational and intellectual framework for

Rio Antirio Bridge And Millau Viaduct Engineering Essay

Rio Antirio Bridge And Millau Viaduct Engineering Essay Rio-Antirio bridge, the worlds longest suspension bridge, connecting Western Peloponnese with mainland Greece, 1998-2004 Millau viaduct. Millau, france, 1993-2004 Comparison: The two bridges are both phenomenal suspensions bridges in their locations. With taking into account the location of these two bridges, both bridges, Both are considered to be an architectural and engineering marvels. Concrete plays an important role in the construction of suspension bridges. There will be massive foundations, usually embedded in the ground. There are abutments, providing the vital strength and ability to resist the enormous forces. They both have exceptionally large dimensions and resistance to huge forces such as wind in Viaduct case and wave, wind, earthquake and many other natural forces, in Rio-Antirion case. Both bridges were constructed in a limited time constraint and both where successfully delivered on time. The construction was a good opportunity for both countries to create jobs as well as profiting financially and economically from the structures. These two similar structures where created in two different locations, Rio-Antirio bridge in Greece was created over the gulf of Corinth, whilst the Millau viaduct Bridge in France was created over the valley of the river tarn. Both bridges are very long thus the engineers decided to use suspension bridges. They both started construction at about same time. Rio-Antirion in Greece was constructed by a French company, where as Millau-Viaduct in south of France and constructed by a British company. Here are the differences and similarities of the two bridges in case of construction, economical, and many other aspects. Rio-Antirion Bridge: After 5 years of construction the Rio-Anitirio bridge was opened to traffic on 7th of August 2004 The Rio-Antirio bridge was constructed in Greece by a French company, Vinci. Greece needed the construction to be finished before the 2004 Olympics, which was not enough time for most of the construction companies. Also to make the matter worse the bridge had to be constructed on a river, meaning it had to have a high strength to resist the strong tides and earthquakes, as the location of this bridge is extremely prone to earthquakes and tide waves. C:UsersRaminDesktopPhocisS1.gif The Greek government set the French company a fixed price and time to do the job as there was no time for a mistake, Considering these entire situation the French company still decided to go ahead and take the project. If the bridge was not ready by the deadline the French company had to pay a fine as well as the expenses for the construction from that point onwards. The bridge meant much easier and faster transportation for Greek people as it connects the two major cities of Antirio and Rio together (Antirio and Rio, hence the name). In addition, it would be a valuable income for the Greek government economics. As it was close to 2004 Olympics which supposed to take place in Greek. Also because of the transport problem in that location a lot of people will be using the bridge, which meant they have to pay (cars: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬11.70, motorcycles: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1.80, coaches: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬26.20-à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬56.50 and trucks à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬17.30- à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬38.00). As the bridge connects Rio to Antirio which is in mainland Greece, thus connecting with the rest of Europe. The only means of transport between these two lands was by using ferry or via the isthmus of Corinth at its extreme east end, therefore this bridge was really important for the Greek transportation. The bridge reduces travel time across the straight from 45 minutes via fe rry to less than 5 minutes. Bridge construction: The Rio Antirio Bridges pylons are made from reinforced concrete and pylon legs range from 25m to 45m above sea level. Seabed reinforcement was achieved by using inclusions, which are 2 m diameter hollow steel pipes 25 m to 30 m long. 200 pipes were driven in to the seabed by a crane on a tension leg platform, which was installed at every pier location; this was topped with a 3 m thick, levelled gravel layer. A cone with a diameter of 38 m formed the lower part of the pier.5 The bridge is counted as one of the tallest and longest bridges as it consist of five cable stayed spans and four columns, the longest span is 560 meters. The bridge is 2880 meters long with a width of 27.2 meters across. The towers, particularly their foundations, are the real technical achievement of this project. The seabed on which the foundations rest was specially prepared in order to eliminate the effects of earthquakes. The bridge consists of 6 lanes, 2 lane on each side, 2 emergency on each side as well as a pedestrian and bicycle lane .The total cost of the bridge was about à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 630,000,000, funded by Greek state funds, backed by loans from the European Investment Bank. During the construction, the French company decided to create a suspension bridge, as the distance was to great for any other type of bridge. They had problems before and during construction, such as; the site had difficulties including deep water, insecure materials for foundations, seismic activity, the probability of tsunamis, and the expansion of the Gulf of Corinth due to plate tectonics so this bridge is counted as one of engineers masterpiece. One of the major problems during the construction was, whiles installing a column the tides where too strong and placed the pile in the wrong position. As the company had no time to remove the column and replace it again as it was too heavy, it would cost them much more that they had planned so the engineers decided to move the whole process by the distance misplaced. C:UsersRaminDesktopRioAntirioBridge1.jpg The piers of the Rio-Antirio Bridge can slide on their gravel beds to accommodate tectonic movement. Engineering feats As the results of these problems, the engineers had to come up with a solution that is both strong and also flexible during earthquakes. The water depth reaches 65 m, the seabed is mostly of loose sediment, the seismic activity and possibility of tectonic movement is significant, and the Gulf of Corinth is expanding at a rate of about 30 mm a year. For these reasons, special construction techniques were applied. The piers are not buried into the seabed, but rather rest on a bed of gravel, which was meticulously levelled to an even surface (a difficult attempt at this depth). During an earthquake, the piers should be allowed to move laterally on the seabed with the gravel bed absorbing the energy. The bridge parts are connected to the pylons using jacks and dampers to absorb movement; too rigid a connection would cause the bridge structure to fail in the event of an earthquake. It was also important that the bridge not have too much lateral leeway either so as not to damage the piers. There is provision for the gradual expansion of the strait over the bridges lifetime.1*. As result of the bridges enormous size and the risk this carries a yearly maintenance is need to be carried out to ensure the safety of the users. On January 28th 2005, only six months after the opening of the bridge, as the result of a failure in one of the cables the bridge had to be closed to the public. As there where 4 more cables supporting this section of the bridge minimum damage was caused to the bridges core structure. For health and safety there are more than 100 sensors installed on the bridges, which provides 24/7 surveillance of the structure.(JPG) *-refer to reference 1. Millau- Viaduct bridge This bridge was constructed from 1993 to 2004 in southern France. Linking France and Spain by constructing a motor way over the River Tarn. The bridge has been constructed on a 2 km valley divided in two by River Tarn. An English company foster constructed this bridge. The milau viaduct bridge not only has a dramatic sihoutte, but crucially, it also makes the minimum intervention in the landscape. Lit at night, it traces a slender ribbon of light across the valley. Foster partners 2004. Viaduc de Millau is the chosen solution for taking the A75 motorway from Clermont-Ferraud south to Beziers. This is cheaper than the alternative of tunnelling through the hills flanking the river, and will shorten the journey by 100 km and by up to 4 hours in the holiday season, as well as removing much traffic pollution caused by continual traffic jams for local inhabitants in Millau. The government makes money by charging the vehicles using the bridge. The Milau Viaduct Bridge is also being used for extreme sports such as base jumping and repelling. Also is very economical as it saves a lot of time and avoids traffics. The construction process involved approximately five hundred workers working simultaneously on the project, which means it was a good opportunity for France to create many jobs. C:UsersRaminDesktopviaduc_situation_c_2.jpg ` This project was proposed by the owners Compagnie Eiffage du Millau Viaduct (CEVM) and the client SETEC to cross the Tarn gorges by a viaduct/ road bridge. All designs had to satisfy the design brief, but Fosters knew that this bridge posed several novel problems. Tests revealed problems for drivers on such a high, long and thin structure with just two lanes either sides. The bridge is 343 m high and is a multi cable-stayed structure with slender piers and a very light deck, touching the valley at only seven points. It was decided to design a multi cable-stayed bridge (2460 m long) because Lord Foster wanted the bridge to look as transparent and lightweight as possible to reduce cost, but also to attempt to minimise the effect of the structure in its environment as well as reducing wind loadings. The solution was to incline the bridge by 3% to improve road visibility, and to make the whole structure curved to lessen the sensation of floating, even though this would increase the length of the bridge to 2.5 km and add to the cost. To prevent drivers from the distraction of the beautiful scenery, the hard shoulder on both sides was increased in width to three metres. Emergency phones were designed for every 500 metres along the full length on each side.Millau1 Viaduc de Millau The construction consists of: The deck- steels of grade S355 and S460 The piers- reinforcement concrete The cables-steels of grade S355 and S460 The abutments- reinforcement concrete The pylons- steels of grade S355 and S460 (the concrete was used more for its high durability as this bridge is estimated to last 120 years, rather than its high mechanical resistance.) Construction: The structure is continues along its eight cable spans. The two spans at each sides are 204m and the six spans in middle are 342m each. The bridge has 2 lanes and an emergency line at each side. The construction method was beneficial. The factory pre-production of certain parts of the deck reduced the volume of material that had to be worked on on-site, something which never would have been possible with an all-concrete structure. Less equipment, less construction material, fewer trucks going back and forth clogging up traffic in all it added up to less disturbance to the life of the local population. The Millau Viaduct was described by Lord Foster as his sculpture in the landscape.The whole thing looks impossibly delicate, Foster said in a telephone interview. This bridge is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the France because of the exceptional dimensions and the natural grandeur of the Aveyronnais landscape. C:UsersRaminDesktopviaduc_c.jpg The deck consists of a trapezoidal profiled metal box girder and to ensure resistance to fatigue a thickness of 14 mm has been used for the whole length of the structure. The deck was designed prefabricated which speeds the process and also is environmentally friendly as it uses much less landscape during construction. The decks are supported by multi-span cables which are constructed from steel too. There are eleven pairs of cables, which support each span. The cable anchors are adjustable at the deck end and fixed on the pylons. C:UsersRaminDesktopmillaudiag1.jpg To install the deck successfully, seven temporary piers were needed. These temporary piers consist of a metal framework in the form of K. The top of each temporary pier is fitted with metal trimmer to receive the beginning supports, known as translators. The highest temporary pier was 173 m high. The entire cost of creating this bridge was 320 million Euros. The bridge consists of eighteen cameras located at various locations on the bridge to ensure the bridge safety 24 hours a day. The cameras are connected to computers to monitor the bridge for traffic, wind loads and any damages that may happen to the bridge.C:UsersRaminDesktop4.jpg The viaduct was ensured to have: Specially designed safety barriers that can withstand impact from heavy lorries. Transparent windbreak screens 3 m. high to limit the effect of the wind on vehicles. Emergency lanes 3 metres wide. Emergency phones every 500 metres. Conclusion: In conclusion, the Rio-Antirion is longer than Millau-Viaduct; however, Millau-Viaduct is considerably higher than Rio-Antirion. The Rio-Antirion is cost approximately double Millau-Viaduct. The environment on which Rio-Antirion was build on can justify this. As more time need to be spend reinforcing the seabed on which Rio-antirion was being build on. Millau-Viaduct is much more environmentally friendly than Rio-Antirion. Both bridges meant an easier and faster way to travel that saves a lot of time. As well as reducing the traffic load on other means of travelling the same distance. Both bridges have similar structure but constructed in different methods. Rio-Antirion was constructed separately on each pier and then reaches to each other. However, Millau-Viaduct was constructed from both ends and reach together in the middle. Each of this methods where chosen as it best suite the environment on which the each bridge was being build on. The Millau-Viaduct was prefabricated in the factory to ensure limited landscaped is used on the site, thus environmentally friendly. Rio-Antirion was constructed much quicker than Millau-Viaduct hence explains the costs. In addition, Rio-Antirion had alot more problems in terms of site location than Millau-Viaduct in case of engineering. Rio-Antirion was constructed completely in water, which increases the expenses as engineers needed to use a specially designed ship to transport the ready made piers to their specific location. The ship had to be hired from another country as the piers were very huge and heavy and Greece did not have any ship capable of handling the weight of the piers.

Strength: Debut Albums and Johnny

Strength They are taking the casket away to the burial site. It is made of a dark maple wood with an arrangement of white roses on top. The preacher says only family can come. So the son stands up and follows the casket to the burial site. He is wearing a gray shirt with a black coat and black pants. He doesn't seem to be shaken up about the funeral. He is quiet and stays to himself. Once they reach the burial site he stands next to the casket as they begin to lower it. He just stares and begins to think about the memory that caused this. Johnny was sitting at the kitchen table watching his mother Anita, cleaning the dishes.She was wearing her tired blue shirt with the sleeves rolled up, beat up denims, and her hair in a low pony-tail. Anita’s favorite thing was to do the dishes. She always sang to herself while her blue eyes traveled out the window through the woods. She would think things of leaving and starting over. She never wanted Johnny to see herself that way but he di d. He saw her sadness. Many times she would stare at the little Eiffel Tower statue that was on the window sill or look at her and her husband, Jacks', wedding photo above the fireplace. The pictured showed a much younger, and happier Anita. The house was quiet.And Johnny liked moments like these. Moments that showed how cozy and peaceful their 700 square foot home could be instead of the tumble-down house it really was. It had a kitchen/den, two bedrooms, and a bath. Their family spent most of the time in the kitchen. It was painted a pale yellow, had a wooden table with three chairs, and had a window over the sink. It connected to a hallway which connected to the two rooms. All the rooms were small but the size didn’t really bother him, it was the only place he had known for his ten years. The house was light green with white shutters on the outside.The paint had faded so much that the home almost blended into the woods. Johnny didn’t have many neighbors but he had a n imagination that was as vibrant and wild as the Salmon River a few miles away. He would sneak there sometimes when his mother would be sleeping and his father was at work. One day as the sun was rising over the river he began a story of a boy traveling through the woods and ending up in a far away land. It was a much peaceful, newer, land than the one he knew. He became friends with them and they allowed him to go back and bring one person back to live with them. He brought his mother.Anita finished the dishes and turned around to look at Johnny. â€Å"Alright young man, it's time for bed. Your father will be home soon. † â€Å"Could you read me a story before bed? † â€Å"Sweetie, your father is almost home and you need to be in bed. † â€Å"Mama, please? † said Johnny. She looked at him; his big blue eyes, half covered by his unkempt hair, always won. They were her weakness. He was such a kind boy whose eyes always saw good, no matter the evil in fron t of him. â€Å"Okay† she said, â€Å"but it's going to be a short one. † She told him a story of a blue eyed, brown haired boy who travels to a distant land to save a girl who is in trouble.In the story the boy had to learn that bravery isn’t just about doing what is right but also being able to sacrifice your feelings to do the right thing. As she neared the end of the story she heard her husband’s truck pull up. She hurriedly got to her feet and looked out the window. Her heart started to beat faster and there was a little bit of perspiration right above her brow. Johnny sat up and peered over her shoulder. They both looked and saw him and his gun fall out of their blue Ford F-150. Her husband picked up his gun and staggered towards the house. Anita turned around and tucked Johnny in.As she pulled away Johnny grabbed her hand, and in a very small but strong voice Johnny said, â€Å"Mama†¦ one day I’ll save you. I promise. † Anita sta red. The car door slamming knocked Anita out of her trance. She walked out of Johnny’s room, wiped the few tears that had gathered at the corners of her eyes, and shut the door behind her. As Anita walked into the kitchen so did her husband Jack. He was a tall man who looked much older than he was. His skin was leathery and the tips of his hair were gray. His blue eyes which, used to hold so much promise, were now red with black sags under them. He and Anita meet in high school.They were in the same math class. Anita was failing math and Jack decided to help her with her studies. The friendship blossomed into a beautiful relationship. One time, when they were together, Jack gave Anita an Eiffel Tower statue and promised her that when he became a famous engineer he would take her there. This never happened though. Their junior year she got pregnant. They both dropped out to support their son. Jack was a loving man but as his dream got farther, the liquor bottle got closer. It became a continuous problem. Anita could count on one hand how many times she saw Jack without a whiskey bottle, in the past six months.The alcohol changed him, like many men, into a monster. â€Å"What’s wrong with you? † Jack asked while he threw his gun on the counter by the hallway and kicked off his old black boots. â€Å"Nothing, been cleaning all day. I’m a little tired I guess. How was work? † â€Å"Well, let's see, I worked an eleven hour day, at a job that I hate, with a boss who doesn't respect me, and I come home to a family that doesn't appreciate me. Its just another day. † â€Å"Oh now, come on, you know that Johnny and I love-† â€Å"Love me? † Jack interrupted. â€Å"Is that why I come home to half the house a mess, no dinner on the table, no poured drink, and my son already asleep.It’s starting to get real old Anita. I’m not up for all these games, never have been. † †I’m not playing games with you Jack. I have worked all day too and I take care of our son. God I don’t understand why you get so paranoid. † â€Å"Don’t call me paranoid! Anita you don't know when to shut the fuck up, do you? I am not paranoid you-† â€Å"You accuse me of everything! † Anita interrupted, â€Å"Last night we argued about how you think I am turning Johnny against you and how you think I am taking money. I think we know where the money is going. † Anita watched as Jack opened up the brown cupboard door, took out the whiskey, and poured himself a glass.There was no expression on Anita’s' face but her heart was pounding. Jack stopped in mid swig and stared at her. â€Å"What the fuck is this? † â€Å"Here you go again Jack accusing me. † Anita tried very hard to put on an easy face but the rage in Jacks eyes seemed to be building with every second. His hand on the bottle became a vice. â€Å"What did I tell you about touchi ng my whiskey? † â€Å"I didn’t touch your damn whiskey. † â€Å"You think because I'm drunk that I don’t taste the difference? You’ve done this before, Anita. † â€Å"Again with the para-â€Å" â€Å"Stop calling me paranoid! † Jack roared.All the blood in his entire body seemed to be at his face. The buttons on his blue and gray plaid shirt almost popped from his chest being out too far. He shut his eyes and took a breath. â€Å"Didn’t I tell you what was going to happen if you watered down any of my drinks again? † Jack said with an almost eerie calmness. Anita saw the familiar look in his eyes. Her body reacted in a way a deer’s' does when they know what’s coming for them: heart racing, fixed stare, muscles tense. She took a deep breath and tried to relax herself. â€Å"Jack, sweetie, I didn't touch your whiskey. I promise you. † â€Å"You think I’m dumb, don’t you?Ya know I try a nd be sweet and understanding, but you keep lying to me. Why do you do that? You know I can’t stand it when you do that. You say that you love me, and when you love someone you aren’t supposed to lie to them. You love me don’t you? † â€Å"Of course sweetie I love you. You mean the world to me. I don’t know-† â€Å"See, here you go again with those lies. It makes me angry. And what am I supposed to do? Just let you continue telling lies? We are raising a son together, and I don’t want Johnny to learn that habit. † The eerie calmness was still there, and Jack barely spoke above a whisper. He began streaming his fingers through her hair.He looked down at his bottle, and as his face rose again to meet hers it changed. He became a monster. â€Å"I told you I don’t like my whiskey being watered down. Is it that difficult to do as I say? † Jacks voice became louder and stronger. He grabbed Anita’s hair with his fi sts and shoved her head onto the table. The skin around her scalp was stretching from the force of the grip. Her arms were against the edge of the table trying to push herself up, but he was too strong. Tightening his grip, he bent down to have his face beside hers. â€Å"You have to learn. You fucking bitch, you have to learn. † â€Å"Jack please, I didn’t do it.Your hurting me, sweetie, stop. † As she spoke, the force of Jacks hand against her face became stronger towards the wooden table. Her heart was pounding and she was looking for any possible way to protect herself. Tears started rolling down her face. She didn’t know what to do. She knew he wasn’t going to believe her and he was so much stronger than her. She finally said the only thing she felt could stop it, â€Å"I'm sorry. † He eased up on his force but still kept a grip on her hair. â€Å"What did you say? † â€Å"I’m sorry. It's just, just your drinking changes you. And I like the old Jack. Honey I’m sorry. Please let me go. Anita’s voice was that of an innocent child. Her eyes locked on his. â€Å"Now, now doesn’t that feel better? † Jack said as he straightened his back and looked down at her. â€Å"Doesn’t it feel good to tell the truth and admit your problems? See, I am helping. But honey that doesn’t change the fact of what you did. You’ve done it before, and it's becoming a habit. † At that moment his full force returned. He lifted her head and slammed it into the table. Anita wailed in pain. Above her temple she started bleeding. He pulled her off the table and started dragging her across the white laminate floor with her hair.As he dragged her to the hallway entrance, towards the bedroom, he looked up for the first time and let go of his wife’s hair. She turned around and slowly stood up. They saw Johnny standing in the hallway. Johnny’s eyes were red with dried tears on his checks. He stood as if he were seven feet tall with all the confidence in the world, and just stared at his father. Anita looked at his sweet eyes, that for the first time realized there was no good to be seen in his father. Jack wasn’t looking at Johnny’s eyes like his wife was, he was looking at the pistol Johnny was holding up with both his hands.Johnny witnessed everything like he always had. When he heard his mothers screams he got out of bed and walked towards the kitchen. He saw blood running down his mothers face and couldn't control the anger that was rising in him. As his father slammed his mothers head into the wooden table, a second time, he grabbed the gun that was on the counter. Holding the cold unfamiliar metal in his hands, he stood tall and pointed it at his father. â€Å"Sweetheart,† his mother said, â€Å"everything is going to be okay. Alright? Come here, let me hold you. † Johnny didn’t say a word but kept starrin g at his father. â€Å"Son give the gun to me. † I gave mama a promise. † Johnny spoke with no hesitation. â€Å"Sweetie, it’s okay to break promises. This isn’t your battle to fight. This isn’t a story. Honey just look at me. † Anita was scared for her sons life. Neither her or her husband had taught him to shoot a gun. She was afraid the he would end up hurting himself. Johnny turned his head to look at his mother. He saw that the blood on her face was curving around the fake smile she was trying to make. As he looked down to see some of her hair on the floor, his father took the opportunity and lunged for Johnny. His grip wasn’t as tight anymore and he felt the gun falling out of his hands.His father picked him up and threw him against the wall. Jack started yelling and slapped Johnny across the face. Johnny began to cry. Anita felt the breaking point. Hearing her son cry was the key to unveiling her eyes. She knew, the only reason she stayed alive, was to protect Johnny. Her heart began to race. All the lost opportunities of running away led to this moment. Her blood started pumping faster. She would be damned if she let this happen to her son. She picked up the gun and thought back to the moment her daddy taught her to shoot. â€Å"Jack, put him down. † He didn’t turn around or even acknowledge her. â€Å"Jack! Jack turned around and dropped his son. â€Å"Anita, baby what are you-â€Å" Anita shot a bullet to the left of him. â€Å"Johnny come here. † Johnny got up from the floor and stood behind his mother. He had one hand around her leg and used the other to wipe tears from his eyes. â€Å"Sweetie, go outside. Mama will be there soon. † Johnny walked out of the kitchen door and sat by the truck. â€Å"I'm done with this Jack. I am his mother, I have to protect him. † Her grip became tighter. â€Å"What are you going to do? You have no job, no education. You need me. † Jack tried to seem calm but the fear in his eyes gave him away. â€Å"I don't need you.I will find my own way. † Anita raised the gun and pointed it straight at his head. â€Å"I hope your son can live with the fact that his mother is a coward and a murderer. When the kids ridicule him I hope you think of me. † Bam She did it. She put a bullet through his head and finally shut the bastard up. He laid there with a pool of blood flowing out of his head. Blood was everywhere. It was splattered all over the walls and cabinets. Her hearing slowly came back to her in a wave. She finally lowered her gun and just starred. Part of her couldn't believe what she had done. And she wondered if she was strong enough to handle it.She remembered Johnny sitting outside. She tossed her thoughts aside and walked to the bathroom. She looked in the mirror. Her shirt was ripped, she had patches of hair missing, and her face was covered in blood. She cleaned herself up and walked out to Johnny. Johnny ran into his mother’s arms. â€Å"Mama I’m sorry. â€Å"Honey, you look at me. Don't cry anymore. You did nothing wrong. Okay? We are going to call the police and you will tell them the absolute truth. Baby everything will be fine. † â€Å"Okay mama, ill be strong for you. † Why could you never let those words go? Johnny thought to himself. I hope your son can live with the fact that his mother is a coward and a murderer. † I know you loved me and you did what you had to do. You protected me. How could that man still have control over you after all this time? I tried to be strong and hide my tears forr you but you kept sinking further away. Maybe you knew that you wouldn't be able to handle it but you did it anyway? Like what you taught me in those stories when I was young: bravery isn’t just about doing what is right but also being able to sacrifice your feelings to do the right thing. Johnny lowered his head and, for the first time in eight years, cried.

IT User NVQ – Communication

Most businesses of a certain site will have a company website to ell and advertise their products and services. These companies will often have a staff intranet run on company servers for employees only. This gives access to company Information, handbooks, procedures, forms and announcements. Paper based Information Is found in newspapers, books, maps and other printed literature and materials. Marketing information takes form in posters, billboards, leaflets, business cards and advertisements. Copyright law applies to all Information that Is available to view and be stored.It applies to music downloads, personal details, medical history, financial records, and retests a company or creator from plagiarism and theft of owned ideas and work. When referencing someone else's work it is important to acknowledging sources such as websites or books used. This also applies to Images taken from Imaging sites unless bought through stock photography. Electronically, access to Information can be restricted and permissions granted to only those chosen by the authority, an example of this is an HRS folder in a company network.Only authorized members of the HRS department would have access to the folder and Its contents as It would contain personal and confidential Information. A person or a business proven to be breaking the Data Protection Act and Copyright laws will be heavily fined and can face a prison sentence. Bal . 2 Describe a minimum of four different features of information. Manuals and training guides provide information on how to use products and appliances Including manufacturing guidelines and warranty information.Training guides are tutorials for the use of hardware and software, these start from a beginner level to more advanced features and functions. These can be supplied both paper and electronic format. Books containing factual Information can be bought from specialist bookstores, queasiness or borrowed from libraries. These can be history and language bo oks or 1 OFF ordinate survey maps contain information about local, national or international areas and countries, whilst reports are created to show information relating to finance, success, stock and inquiry.These can be presented in a written form or a presentation on television or over the radio. Creative work is a vital part of advertising information to attract interest and sales. Companies produce posters, brochures and other marketing materials to appeal to their current customer base and attract curiosity from new ones. Information treated on marketing materials usually relates to discounts, new products, extended sales, company profiles and imagery of goods, ideas and concepts.Live information such as bus / trains times, road traffic news, national news bulletins and weather forecasts are available to provide continuous up to date coverage online, on television and through electronic displays. This is arguably the most widely used and necessary information feature to allow the smooth operation of transport, businesses and increasing public knowledge on local and worldly matters. 82. 1, 82. 2, 82. 3 & 82. 4 Use a minimum of three different examples of access, aviation and search, one from each category. Use a minimum of three different search techniques and evaluate if the outcomes are fit for purpose.Access – entering a password to access a file or folder, creating a database query, entering an exact web address into an internet browser. Navigate – the use of website menu bars, browsing a company intranet, using bookmarks and favorites to store and recall websites and pages of interest. Search – the use of a search engine, using the find tool in Microsoft programs, using a wild card in database systems when a range of results is required or the exact search name unknown. Evaluation: – It is important that the information searched for and the results are relevant and up to date.Some websites are not regularly updated so will contain outdated information, a way to check for this is to check the end date on the copyright notice at the base of most home pages. Other informative sites such as Wisped are contribution based so users all over the world can input information on a topic. This information may not be accurate or be referenced incorrectly. Using a wildcat in databases will result in increased data found; sort through this for the information required will take time. However it is a useful tool if the name or description of what is being searched is unknown.Level of detail required is fundamental to how information is searched and accessed. For more detailed such as books and magazines on a specific topic. Navigation must be a sufficient option on any commercial website so the user can easily find what they are looking for. Poor design and limited functionality will dissuade users from using a site. 83. 1 & 83. 2 – See Using Email evidence 83. 3 A minimum of three different examples of manag ing storage. Managing storage in electronic communication is important to allow for organization ND easy retrieval of information.Creating message folders and suborders with rules attached for incoming mail will help to organize busy infixes into different categories such as department, sender name and importance. Suborders can be included for completed tasks or read and replied to emails. Any important attachments should be downloaded to a specific folder and the email archived or deleted if possible to create more space. Archiving important emails allows them to be saved on an individual computer or on a network. These emails can be retrieved when needed and opened in a compatible email client.Deleting unwanted emails ND regularly clear Junk and deleted items folders will help to increase space and also the running speed of an email program. These folders can be set to auto empty on close of the program or after a certain number of days. 83. 4 & 83. 5 Describe how to, and respond appropriately to, at least two common IT- based communication problems. When communicating through IT some problems can occur which can be rectified by following guidelines set by the network administrator of the manufacturer. Examples of problems that can occur are attempting to send or receive an email with an attachment that is too large or unreadable.Many businesses set size restrictions on incoming and outgoing mail for security and space management. Decreasing the size of the file or finding an alternative method of delivery such as a USB stick will allow the recipient to receive without further issues. Sometimes an attachment cannot be opened as it has been created in a program not installed on the recipient's computer. Appropriate programs, or the sender and resave in a different format. Emails from unknown senders can be problematic. These can be SPAM or fishing emails attempting to trick the recipient into entering personal or banking details ender the guise of a legitimat e company.They can also be innocent messages that can contain a virus attachment which is intended to damage the recipient's computer. Ways to prevent this are to install antivirus software and update it regularly. Increase firewall settings and if possible install spare prevention software also. Be wary of emails from unknown senders, if an email address does not appear legitimate most email clients have a block feature to stop further emails being received from the address. Any emails that appear to be genuine such as from a bank are often not so contacting the company by phone will clarify what is required.