Rio Antirio Bridge And Millau Viaduct Engineering Essay

Rio Antirio Bridge And Millau Viaduct Engineering Essay Rio-Antirio bridge, the worlds longest suspension bridge, connecting Western Peloponnese with mainland Greece, 1998-2004 Millau viaduct. Millau, france, 1993-2004 Comparison: The two bridges are both phenomenal suspensions bridges in their locations. With taking into account the location of these two bridges, both bridges, Both are considered to be an architectural and engineering marvels. Concrete plays an important role in the construction of suspension bridges. There will be massive foundations, usually embedded in the ground. There are abutments, providing the vital strength and ability to resist the enormous forces. They both have exceptionally large dimensions and resistance to huge forces such as wind in Viaduct case and wave, wind, earthquake and many other natural forces, in Rio-Antirion case. Both bridges were constructed in a limited time constraint and both where successfully delivered on time. The construction was a good opportunity for both countries to create jobs as well as profiting financially and economically from the structures. These two similar structures where created in two different locations, Rio-Antirio bridge in Greece was created over the gulf of Corinth, whilst the Millau viaduct Bridge in France was created over the valley of the river tarn. Both bridges are very long thus the engineers decided to use suspension bridges. They both started construction at about same time. Rio-Antirion in Greece was constructed by a French company, where as Millau-Viaduct in south of France and constructed by a British company. Here are the differences and similarities of the two bridges in case of construction, economical, and many other aspects. Rio-Antirion Bridge: After 5 years of construction the Rio-Anitirio bridge was opened to traffic on 7th of August 2004 The Rio-Antirio bridge was constructed in Greece by a French company, Vinci. Greece needed the construction to be finished before the 2004 Olympics, which was not enough time for most of the construction companies. Also to make the matter worse the bridge had to be constructed on a river, meaning it had to have a high strength to resist the strong tides and earthquakes, as the location of this bridge is extremely prone to earthquakes and tide waves. C:UsersRaminDesktopPhocisS1.gif The Greek government set the French company a fixed price and time to do the job as there was no time for a mistake, Considering these entire situation the French company still decided to go ahead and take the project. If the bridge was not ready by the deadline the French company had to pay a fine as well as the expenses for the construction from that point onwards. The bridge meant much easier and faster transportation for Greek people as it connects the two major cities of Antirio and Rio together (Antirio and Rio, hence the name). In addition, it would be a valuable income for the Greek government economics. As it was close to 2004 Olympics which supposed to take place in Greek. Also because of the transport problem in that location a lot of people will be using the bridge, which meant they have to pay (cars: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬11.70, motorcycles: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1.80, coaches: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬26.20-à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬56.50 and trucks à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬17.30- à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬38.00). As the bridge connects Rio to Antirio which is in mainland Greece, thus connecting with the rest of Europe. The only means of transport between these two lands was by using ferry or via the isthmus of Corinth at its extreme east end, therefore this bridge was really important for the Greek transportation. The bridge reduces travel time across the straight from 45 minutes via fe rry to less than 5 minutes. Bridge construction: The Rio Antirio Bridges pylons are made from reinforced concrete and pylon legs range from 25m to 45m above sea level. Seabed reinforcement was achieved by using inclusions, which are 2 m diameter hollow steel pipes 25 m to 30 m long. 200 pipes were driven in to the seabed by a crane on a tension leg platform, which was installed at every pier location; this was topped with a 3 m thick, levelled gravel layer. A cone with a diameter of 38 m formed the lower part of the pier.5 The bridge is counted as one of the tallest and longest bridges as it consist of five cable stayed spans and four columns, the longest span is 560 meters. The bridge is 2880 meters long with a width of 27.2 meters across. The towers, particularly their foundations, are the real technical achievement of this project. The seabed on which the foundations rest was specially prepared in order to eliminate the effects of earthquakes. The bridge consists of 6 lanes, 2 lane on each side, 2 emergency on each side as well as a pedestrian and bicycle lane .The total cost of the bridge was about à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 630,000,000, funded by Greek state funds, backed by loans from the European Investment Bank. During the construction, the French company decided to create a suspension bridge, as the distance was to great for any other type of bridge. They had problems before and during construction, such as; the site had difficulties including deep water, insecure materials for foundations, seismic activity, the probability of tsunamis, and the expansion of the Gulf of Corinth due to plate tectonics so this bridge is counted as one of engineers masterpiece. One of the major problems during the construction was, whiles installing a column the tides where too strong and placed the pile in the wrong position. As the company had no time to remove the column and replace it again as it was too heavy, it would cost them much more that they had planned so the engineers decided to move the whole process by the distance misplaced. C:UsersRaminDesktopRioAntirioBridge1.jpg The piers of the Rio-Antirio Bridge can slide on their gravel beds to accommodate tectonic movement. Engineering feats As the results of these problems, the engineers had to come up with a solution that is both strong and also flexible during earthquakes. The water depth reaches 65 m, the seabed is mostly of loose sediment, the seismic activity and possibility of tectonic movement is significant, and the Gulf of Corinth is expanding at a rate of about 30 mm a year. For these reasons, special construction techniques were applied. The piers are not buried into the seabed, but rather rest on a bed of gravel, which was meticulously levelled to an even surface (a difficult attempt at this depth). During an earthquake, the piers should be allowed to move laterally on the seabed with the gravel bed absorbing the energy. The bridge parts are connected to the pylons using jacks and dampers to absorb movement; too rigid a connection would cause the bridge structure to fail in the event of an earthquake. It was also important that the bridge not have too much lateral leeway either so as not to damage the piers. There is provision for the gradual expansion of the strait over the bridges lifetime.1*. As result of the bridges enormous size and the risk this carries a yearly maintenance is need to be carried out to ensure the safety of the users. On January 28th 2005, only six months after the opening of the bridge, as the result of a failure in one of the cables the bridge had to be closed to the public. As there where 4 more cables supporting this section of the bridge minimum damage was caused to the bridges core structure. For health and safety there are more than 100 sensors installed on the bridges, which provides 24/7 surveillance of the structure.(JPG) *-refer to reference 1. Millau- Viaduct bridge This bridge was constructed from 1993 to 2004 in southern France. Linking France and Spain by constructing a motor way over the River Tarn. The bridge has been constructed on a 2 km valley divided in two by River Tarn. An English company foster constructed this bridge. The milau viaduct bridge not only has a dramatic sihoutte, but crucially, it also makes the minimum intervention in the landscape. Lit at night, it traces a slender ribbon of light across the valley. Foster partners 2004. Viaduc de Millau is the chosen solution for taking the A75 motorway from Clermont-Ferraud south to Beziers. This is cheaper than the alternative of tunnelling through the hills flanking the river, and will shorten the journey by 100 km and by up to 4 hours in the holiday season, as well as removing much traffic pollution caused by continual traffic jams for local inhabitants in Millau. The government makes money by charging the vehicles using the bridge. The Milau Viaduct Bridge is also being used for extreme sports such as base jumping and repelling. Also is very economical as it saves a lot of time and avoids traffics. The construction process involved approximately five hundred workers working simultaneously on the project, which means it was a good opportunity for France to create many jobs. C:UsersRaminDesktopviaduc_situation_c_2.jpg ` This project was proposed by the owners Compagnie Eiffage du Millau Viaduct (CEVM) and the client SETEC to cross the Tarn gorges by a viaduct/ road bridge. All designs had to satisfy the design brief, but Fosters knew that this bridge posed several novel problems. Tests revealed problems for drivers on such a high, long and thin structure with just two lanes either sides. The bridge is 343 m high and is a multi cable-stayed structure with slender piers and a very light deck, touching the valley at only seven points. It was decided to design a multi cable-stayed bridge (2460 m long) because Lord Foster wanted the bridge to look as transparent and lightweight as possible to reduce cost, but also to attempt to minimise the effect of the structure in its environment as well as reducing wind loadings. The solution was to incline the bridge by 3% to improve road visibility, and to make the whole structure curved to lessen the sensation of floating, even though this would increase the length of the bridge to 2.5 km and add to the cost. To prevent drivers from the distraction of the beautiful scenery, the hard shoulder on both sides was increased in width to three metres. Emergency phones were designed for every 500 metres along the full length on each side.Millau1 Viaduc de Millau The construction consists of: The deck- steels of grade S355 and S460 The piers- reinforcement concrete The cables-steels of grade S355 and S460 The abutments- reinforcement concrete The pylons- steels of grade S355 and S460 (the concrete was used more for its high durability as this bridge is estimated to last 120 years, rather than its high mechanical resistance.) Construction: The structure is continues along its eight cable spans. The two spans at each sides are 204m and the six spans in middle are 342m each. The bridge has 2 lanes and an emergency line at each side. The construction method was beneficial. The factory pre-production of certain parts of the deck reduced the volume of material that had to be worked on on-site, something which never would have been possible with an all-concrete structure. Less equipment, less construction material, fewer trucks going back and forth clogging up traffic in all it added up to less disturbance to the life of the local population. The Millau Viaduct was described by Lord Foster as his sculpture in the landscape.The whole thing looks impossibly delicate, Foster said in a telephone interview. This bridge is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the France because of the exceptional dimensions and the natural grandeur of the Aveyronnais landscape. C:UsersRaminDesktopviaduc_c.jpg The deck consists of a trapezoidal profiled metal box girder and to ensure resistance to fatigue a thickness of 14 mm has been used for the whole length of the structure. The deck was designed prefabricated which speeds the process and also is environmentally friendly as it uses much less landscape during construction. The decks are supported by multi-span cables which are constructed from steel too. There are eleven pairs of cables, which support each span. The cable anchors are adjustable at the deck end and fixed on the pylons. C:UsersRaminDesktopmillaudiag1.jpg To install the deck successfully, seven temporary piers were needed. These temporary piers consist of a metal framework in the form of K. The top of each temporary pier is fitted with metal trimmer to receive the beginning supports, known as translators. The highest temporary pier was 173 m high. The entire cost of creating this bridge was 320 million Euros. The bridge consists of eighteen cameras located at various locations on the bridge to ensure the bridge safety 24 hours a day. The cameras are connected to computers to monitor the bridge for traffic, wind loads and any damages that may happen to the bridge.C:UsersRaminDesktop4.jpg The viaduct was ensured to have: Specially designed safety barriers that can withstand impact from heavy lorries. Transparent windbreak screens 3 m. high to limit the effect of the wind on vehicles. Emergency lanes 3 metres wide. Emergency phones every 500 metres. Conclusion: In conclusion, the Rio-Antirion is longer than Millau-Viaduct; however, Millau-Viaduct is considerably higher than Rio-Antirion. The Rio-Antirion is cost approximately double Millau-Viaduct. The environment on which Rio-Antirion was build on can justify this. As more time need to be spend reinforcing the seabed on which Rio-antirion was being build on. Millau-Viaduct is much more environmentally friendly than Rio-Antirion. Both bridges meant an easier and faster way to travel that saves a lot of time. As well as reducing the traffic load on other means of travelling the same distance. Both bridges have similar structure but constructed in different methods. Rio-Antirion was constructed separately on each pier and then reaches to each other. However, Millau-Viaduct was constructed from both ends and reach together in the middle. Each of this methods where chosen as it best suite the environment on which the each bridge was being build on. The Millau-Viaduct was prefabricated in the factory to ensure limited landscaped is used on the site, thus environmentally friendly. Rio-Antirion was constructed much quicker than Millau-Viaduct hence explains the costs. In addition, Rio-Antirion had alot more problems in terms of site location than Millau-Viaduct in case of engineering. Rio-Antirion was constructed completely in water, which increases the expenses as engineers needed to use a specially designed ship to transport the ready made piers to their specific location. The ship had to be hired from another country as the piers were very huge and heavy and Greece did not have any ship capable of handling the weight of the piers.

Strength: Debut Albums and Johnny

Strength They are taking the casket away to the burial site. It is made of a dark maple wood with an arrangement of white roses on top. The preacher says only family can come. So the son stands up and follows the casket to the burial site. He is wearing a gray shirt with a black coat and black pants. He doesn't seem to be shaken up about the funeral. He is quiet and stays to himself. Once they reach the burial site he stands next to the casket as they begin to lower it. He just stares and begins to think about the memory that caused this. Johnny was sitting at the kitchen table watching his mother Anita, cleaning the dishes.She was wearing her tired blue shirt with the sleeves rolled up, beat up denims, and her hair in a low pony-tail. Anita’s favorite thing was to do the dishes. She always sang to herself while her blue eyes traveled out the window through the woods. She would think things of leaving and starting over. She never wanted Johnny to see herself that way but he di d. He saw her sadness. Many times she would stare at the little Eiffel Tower statue that was on the window sill or look at her and her husband, Jacks', wedding photo above the fireplace. The pictured showed a much younger, and happier Anita. The house was quiet.And Johnny liked moments like these. Moments that showed how cozy and peaceful their 700 square foot home could be instead of the tumble-down house it really was. It had a kitchen/den, two bedrooms, and a bath. Their family spent most of the time in the kitchen. It was painted a pale yellow, had a wooden table with three chairs, and had a window over the sink. It connected to a hallway which connected to the two rooms. All the rooms were small but the size didn’t really bother him, it was the only place he had known for his ten years. The house was light green with white shutters on the outside.The paint had faded so much that the home almost blended into the woods. Johnny didn’t have many neighbors but he had a n imagination that was as vibrant and wild as the Salmon River a few miles away. He would sneak there sometimes when his mother would be sleeping and his father was at work. One day as the sun was rising over the river he began a story of a boy traveling through the woods and ending up in a far away land. It was a much peaceful, newer, land than the one he knew. He became friends with them and they allowed him to go back and bring one person back to live with them. He brought his mother.Anita finished the dishes and turned around to look at Johnny. â€Å"Alright young man, it's time for bed. Your father will be home soon. † â€Å"Could you read me a story before bed? † â€Å"Sweetie, your father is almost home and you need to be in bed. † â€Å"Mama, please? † said Johnny. She looked at him; his big blue eyes, half covered by his unkempt hair, always won. They were her weakness. He was such a kind boy whose eyes always saw good, no matter the evil in fron t of him. â€Å"Okay† she said, â€Å"but it's going to be a short one. † She told him a story of a blue eyed, brown haired boy who travels to a distant land to save a girl who is in trouble.In the story the boy had to learn that bravery isn’t just about doing what is right but also being able to sacrifice your feelings to do the right thing. As she neared the end of the story she heard her husband’s truck pull up. She hurriedly got to her feet and looked out the window. Her heart started to beat faster and there was a little bit of perspiration right above her brow. Johnny sat up and peered over her shoulder. They both looked and saw him and his gun fall out of their blue Ford F-150. Her husband picked up his gun and staggered towards the house. Anita turned around and tucked Johnny in.As she pulled away Johnny grabbed her hand, and in a very small but strong voice Johnny said, â€Å"Mama†¦ one day I’ll save you. I promise. † Anita sta red. The car door slamming knocked Anita out of her trance. She walked out of Johnny’s room, wiped the few tears that had gathered at the corners of her eyes, and shut the door behind her. As Anita walked into the kitchen so did her husband Jack. He was a tall man who looked much older than he was. His skin was leathery and the tips of his hair were gray. His blue eyes which, used to hold so much promise, were now red with black sags under them. He and Anita meet in high school.They were in the same math class. Anita was failing math and Jack decided to help her with her studies. The friendship blossomed into a beautiful relationship. One time, when they were together, Jack gave Anita an Eiffel Tower statue and promised her that when he became a famous engineer he would take her there. This never happened though. Their junior year she got pregnant. They both dropped out to support their son. Jack was a loving man but as his dream got farther, the liquor bottle got closer. It became a continuous problem. Anita could count on one hand how many times she saw Jack without a whiskey bottle, in the past six months.The alcohol changed him, like many men, into a monster. â€Å"What’s wrong with you? † Jack asked while he threw his gun on the counter by the hallway and kicked off his old black boots. â€Å"Nothing, been cleaning all day. I’m a little tired I guess. How was work? † â€Å"Well, let's see, I worked an eleven hour day, at a job that I hate, with a boss who doesn't respect me, and I come home to a family that doesn't appreciate me. Its just another day. † â€Å"Oh now, come on, you know that Johnny and I love-† â€Å"Love me? † Jack interrupted. â€Å"Is that why I come home to half the house a mess, no dinner on the table, no poured drink, and my son already asleep.It’s starting to get real old Anita. I’m not up for all these games, never have been. † †I’m not playing games with you Jack. I have worked all day too and I take care of our son. God I don’t understand why you get so paranoid. † â€Å"Don’t call me paranoid! Anita you don't know when to shut the fuck up, do you? I am not paranoid you-† â€Å"You accuse me of everything! † Anita interrupted, â€Å"Last night we argued about how you think I am turning Johnny against you and how you think I am taking money. I think we know where the money is going. † Anita watched as Jack opened up the brown cupboard door, took out the whiskey, and poured himself a glass.There was no expression on Anita’s' face but her heart was pounding. Jack stopped in mid swig and stared at her. â€Å"What the fuck is this? † â€Å"Here you go again Jack accusing me. † Anita tried very hard to put on an easy face but the rage in Jacks eyes seemed to be building with every second. His hand on the bottle became a vice. â€Å"What did I tell you about touchi ng my whiskey? † â€Å"I didn’t touch your damn whiskey. † â€Å"You think because I'm drunk that I don’t taste the difference? You’ve done this before, Anita. † â€Å"Again with the para-â€Å" â€Å"Stop calling me paranoid! † Jack roared.All the blood in his entire body seemed to be at his face. The buttons on his blue and gray plaid shirt almost popped from his chest being out too far. He shut his eyes and took a breath. â€Å"Didn’t I tell you what was going to happen if you watered down any of my drinks again? † Jack said with an almost eerie calmness. Anita saw the familiar look in his eyes. Her body reacted in a way a deer’s' does when they know what’s coming for them: heart racing, fixed stare, muscles tense. She took a deep breath and tried to relax herself. â€Å"Jack, sweetie, I didn't touch your whiskey. I promise you. † â€Å"You think I’m dumb, don’t you?Ya know I try a nd be sweet and understanding, but you keep lying to me. Why do you do that? You know I can’t stand it when you do that. You say that you love me, and when you love someone you aren’t supposed to lie to them. You love me don’t you? † â€Å"Of course sweetie I love you. You mean the world to me. I don’t know-† â€Å"See, here you go again with those lies. It makes me angry. And what am I supposed to do? Just let you continue telling lies? We are raising a son together, and I don’t want Johnny to learn that habit. † The eerie calmness was still there, and Jack barely spoke above a whisper. He began streaming his fingers through her hair.He looked down at his bottle, and as his face rose again to meet hers it changed. He became a monster. â€Å"I told you I don’t like my whiskey being watered down. Is it that difficult to do as I say? † Jacks voice became louder and stronger. He grabbed Anita’s hair with his fi sts and shoved her head onto the table. The skin around her scalp was stretching from the force of the grip. Her arms were against the edge of the table trying to push herself up, but he was too strong. Tightening his grip, he bent down to have his face beside hers. â€Å"You have to learn. You fucking bitch, you have to learn. † â€Å"Jack please, I didn’t do it.Your hurting me, sweetie, stop. † As she spoke, the force of Jacks hand against her face became stronger towards the wooden table. Her heart was pounding and she was looking for any possible way to protect herself. Tears started rolling down her face. She didn’t know what to do. She knew he wasn’t going to believe her and he was so much stronger than her. She finally said the only thing she felt could stop it, â€Å"I'm sorry. † He eased up on his force but still kept a grip on her hair. â€Å"What did you say? † â€Å"I’m sorry. It's just, just your drinking changes you. And I like the old Jack. Honey I’m sorry. Please let me go. Anita’s voice was that of an innocent child. Her eyes locked on his. â€Å"Now, now doesn’t that feel better? † Jack said as he straightened his back and looked down at her. â€Å"Doesn’t it feel good to tell the truth and admit your problems? See, I am helping. But honey that doesn’t change the fact of what you did. You’ve done it before, and it's becoming a habit. † At that moment his full force returned. He lifted her head and slammed it into the table. Anita wailed in pain. Above her temple she started bleeding. He pulled her off the table and started dragging her across the white laminate floor with her hair.As he dragged her to the hallway entrance, towards the bedroom, he looked up for the first time and let go of his wife’s hair. She turned around and slowly stood up. They saw Johnny standing in the hallway. Johnny’s eyes were red with dried tears on his checks. He stood as if he were seven feet tall with all the confidence in the world, and just stared at his father. Anita looked at his sweet eyes, that for the first time realized there was no good to be seen in his father. Jack wasn’t looking at Johnny’s eyes like his wife was, he was looking at the pistol Johnny was holding up with both his hands.Johnny witnessed everything like he always had. When he heard his mothers screams he got out of bed and walked towards the kitchen. He saw blood running down his mothers face and couldn't control the anger that was rising in him. As his father slammed his mothers head into the wooden table, a second time, he grabbed the gun that was on the counter. Holding the cold unfamiliar metal in his hands, he stood tall and pointed it at his father. â€Å"Sweetheart,† his mother said, â€Å"everything is going to be okay. Alright? Come here, let me hold you. † Johnny didn’t say a word but kept starrin g at his father. â€Å"Son give the gun to me. † I gave mama a promise. † Johnny spoke with no hesitation. â€Å"Sweetie, it’s okay to break promises. This isn’t your battle to fight. This isn’t a story. Honey just look at me. † Anita was scared for her sons life. Neither her or her husband had taught him to shoot a gun. She was afraid the he would end up hurting himself. Johnny turned his head to look at his mother. He saw that the blood on her face was curving around the fake smile she was trying to make. As he looked down to see some of her hair on the floor, his father took the opportunity and lunged for Johnny. His grip wasn’t as tight anymore and he felt the gun falling out of his hands.His father picked him up and threw him against the wall. Jack started yelling and slapped Johnny across the face. Johnny began to cry. Anita felt the breaking point. Hearing her son cry was the key to unveiling her eyes. She knew, the only reason she stayed alive, was to protect Johnny. Her heart began to race. All the lost opportunities of running away led to this moment. Her blood started pumping faster. She would be damned if she let this happen to her son. She picked up the gun and thought back to the moment her daddy taught her to shoot. â€Å"Jack, put him down. † He didn’t turn around or even acknowledge her. â€Å"Jack! Jack turned around and dropped his son. â€Å"Anita, baby what are you-â€Å" Anita shot a bullet to the left of him. â€Å"Johnny come here. † Johnny got up from the floor and stood behind his mother. He had one hand around her leg and used the other to wipe tears from his eyes. â€Å"Sweetie, go outside. Mama will be there soon. † Johnny walked out of the kitchen door and sat by the truck. â€Å"I'm done with this Jack. I am his mother, I have to protect him. † Her grip became tighter. â€Å"What are you going to do? You have no job, no education. You need me. † Jack tried to seem calm but the fear in his eyes gave him away. â€Å"I don't need you.I will find my own way. † Anita raised the gun and pointed it straight at his head. â€Å"I hope your son can live with the fact that his mother is a coward and a murderer. When the kids ridicule him I hope you think of me. † Bam She did it. She put a bullet through his head and finally shut the bastard up. He laid there with a pool of blood flowing out of his head. Blood was everywhere. It was splattered all over the walls and cabinets. Her hearing slowly came back to her in a wave. She finally lowered her gun and just starred. Part of her couldn't believe what she had done. And she wondered if she was strong enough to handle it.She remembered Johnny sitting outside. She tossed her thoughts aside and walked to the bathroom. She looked in the mirror. Her shirt was ripped, she had patches of hair missing, and her face was covered in blood. She cleaned herself up and walked out to Johnny. Johnny ran into his mother’s arms. â€Å"Mama I’m sorry. â€Å"Honey, you look at me. Don't cry anymore. You did nothing wrong. Okay? We are going to call the police and you will tell them the absolute truth. Baby everything will be fine. † â€Å"Okay mama, ill be strong for you. † Why could you never let those words go? Johnny thought to himself. I hope your son can live with the fact that his mother is a coward and a murderer. † I know you loved me and you did what you had to do. You protected me. How could that man still have control over you after all this time? I tried to be strong and hide my tears forr you but you kept sinking further away. Maybe you knew that you wouldn't be able to handle it but you did it anyway? Like what you taught me in those stories when I was young: bravery isn’t just about doing what is right but also being able to sacrifice your feelings to do the right thing. Johnny lowered his head and, for the first time in eight years, cried.

IT User NVQ – Communication

Most businesses of a certain site will have a company website to ell and advertise their products and services. These companies will often have a staff intranet run on company servers for employees only. This gives access to company Information, handbooks, procedures, forms and announcements. Paper based Information Is found in newspapers, books, maps and other printed literature and materials. Marketing information takes form in posters, billboards, leaflets, business cards and advertisements. Copyright law applies to all Information that Is available to view and be stored.It applies to music downloads, personal details, medical history, financial records, and retests a company or creator from plagiarism and theft of owned ideas and work. When referencing someone else's work it is important to acknowledging sources such as websites or books used. This also applies to Images taken from Imaging sites unless bought through stock photography. Electronically, access to Information can be restricted and permissions granted to only those chosen by the authority, an example of this is an HRS folder in a company network.Only authorized members of the HRS department would have access to the folder and Its contents as It would contain personal and confidential Information. A person or a business proven to be breaking the Data Protection Act and Copyright laws will be heavily fined and can face a prison sentence. Bal . 2 Describe a minimum of four different features of information. Manuals and training guides provide information on how to use products and appliances Including manufacturing guidelines and warranty information.Training guides are tutorials for the use of hardware and software, these start from a beginner level to more advanced features and functions. These can be supplied both paper and electronic format. Books containing factual Information can be bought from specialist bookstores, queasiness or borrowed from libraries. These can be history and language bo oks or 1 OFF ordinate survey maps contain information about local, national or international areas and countries, whilst reports are created to show information relating to finance, success, stock and inquiry.These can be presented in a written form or a presentation on television or over the radio. Creative work is a vital part of advertising information to attract interest and sales. Companies produce posters, brochures and other marketing materials to appeal to their current customer base and attract curiosity from new ones. Information treated on marketing materials usually relates to discounts, new products, extended sales, company profiles and imagery of goods, ideas and concepts.Live information such as bus / trains times, road traffic news, national news bulletins and weather forecasts are available to provide continuous up to date coverage online, on television and through electronic displays. This is arguably the most widely used and necessary information feature to allow the smooth operation of transport, businesses and increasing public knowledge on local and worldly matters. 82. 1, 82. 2, 82. 3 & 82. 4 Use a minimum of three different examples of access, aviation and search, one from each category. Use a minimum of three different search techniques and evaluate if the outcomes are fit for purpose.Access – entering a password to access a file or folder, creating a database query, entering an exact web address into an internet browser. Navigate – the use of website menu bars, browsing a company intranet, using bookmarks and favorites to store and recall websites and pages of interest. Search – the use of a search engine, using the find tool in Microsoft programs, using a wild card in database systems when a range of results is required or the exact search name unknown. Evaluation: – It is important that the information searched for and the results are relevant and up to date.Some websites are not regularly updated so will contain outdated information, a way to check for this is to check the end date on the copyright notice at the base of most home pages. Other informative sites such as Wisped are contribution based so users all over the world can input information on a topic. This information may not be accurate or be referenced incorrectly. Using a wildcat in databases will result in increased data found; sort through this for the information required will take time. However it is a useful tool if the name or description of what is being searched is unknown.Level of detail required is fundamental to how information is searched and accessed. For more detailed such as books and magazines on a specific topic. Navigation must be a sufficient option on any commercial website so the user can easily find what they are looking for. Poor design and limited functionality will dissuade users from using a site. 83. 1 & 83. 2 – See Using Email evidence 83. 3 A minimum of three different examples of manag ing storage. Managing storage in electronic communication is important to allow for organization ND easy retrieval of information.Creating message folders and suborders with rules attached for incoming mail will help to organize busy infixes into different categories such as department, sender name and importance. Suborders can be included for completed tasks or read and replied to emails. Any important attachments should be downloaded to a specific folder and the email archived or deleted if possible to create more space. Archiving important emails allows them to be saved on an individual computer or on a network. These emails can be retrieved when needed and opened in a compatible email client.Deleting unwanted emails ND regularly clear Junk and deleted items folders will help to increase space and also the running speed of an email program. These folders can be set to auto empty on close of the program or after a certain number of days. 83. 4 & 83. 5 Describe how to, and respond appropriately to, at least two common IT- based communication problems. When communicating through IT some problems can occur which can be rectified by following guidelines set by the network administrator of the manufacturer. Examples of problems that can occur are attempting to send or receive an email with an attachment that is too large or unreadable.Many businesses set size restrictions on incoming and outgoing mail for security and space management. Decreasing the size of the file or finding an alternative method of delivery such as a USB stick will allow the recipient to receive without further issues. Sometimes an attachment cannot be opened as it has been created in a program not installed on the recipient's computer. Appropriate programs, or the sender and resave in a different format. Emails from unknown senders can be problematic. These can be SPAM or fishing emails attempting to trick the recipient into entering personal or banking details ender the guise of a legitimat e company.They can also be innocent messages that can contain a virus attachment which is intended to damage the recipient's computer. Ways to prevent this are to install antivirus software and update it regularly. Increase firewall settings and if possible install spare prevention software also. Be wary of emails from unknown senders, if an email address does not appear legitimate most email clients have a block feature to stop further emails being received from the address. Any emails that appear to be genuine such as from a bank are often not so contacting the company by phone will clarify what is required.

The Best Love Story Of All Times - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 754 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/03/26 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Great Gatsby Essay Did you like this example? The story Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is one of the few novels which perfectly fits the best love story of all time description. Fitzgerald’s writing, which is almost similar to a work of poetry, with literary brilliant waves developing a rich and lush rhythm, provides jarringly, but splendidly beautiful and emotion-arousing descriptions. The story perfectly captures reality by including very flawed and difficult to sympathize with characters, which is the beauty of the book. Although the story offers a reflection of the hollowness of a leisure life, the story involves a remarkable obsession to control time to forge a beautiful future by reinstating the past. Therefore, with an emotion-arousing description of realistic characters and an unwavering desire to establish love, the Great Gatsby provides one of the most intriguing love story reading experience. Set in the 1920s in America, the book is narrated by Nick Carraway, who immediately after taking part in the war intends to venture into bond selling. Carraway relocates to East Egg, which is not as grand as grand compared to the West Egg area. F. Scott Fitzgerald settles right opposite the mansion owned by a mega-rich Gatsby, who throws impressive weekend parties attended by the entire town (Fitzgerald 2). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Best Love Story Of All Times" essay for you Create order Nevertheless, the host never attends the parties and is barely known to the people. The rich man holds a secret regarding his source of wealth and greatness, which many regard as lust, but is real love. The importance and beauty of love is expressed in its humongous value and relentless efforts by Gatsby to find it, which is actually common in humanity. Efforts to please Daisy, the long-held love of life lead Gatsy to gather wealth to be able to please Daisy, the love of his life, hence revealing the value of the relationship to the rich man. Gatsby burning desire to restore the past to experience love triggers his popular line: ‘Can’t change the past Why, of course you can (Short and Leech 1).’ These words are a true reflection of the widely held believe in real life that one should stop at nothing in the bid to express life. Therefore, by the daring objective to defy time to express as well as enjoy love is an aspect of real love, hence not lust as regarded by most of the readers. Further to emphasize the value love, Fitzgerald provides the desperate description with which Gatsy and other characters pursue it, but as well includes playful characters to make the story realistic. For instance, Gatsy, cannot derive adequate satisfaction from Daisy’s assurance that she loved him, but he has to force her to declare that she has never loved her husband Tom during their five years of marriage. Increased aggressiveness from both Tom and Gatsby triggers the rejection by Daisy. While Gatsy represents true love, Daisy, who in the statement: ‘ I did love him once but I loved you too,’ tries to suggest that she loved both Tom and Gatsby at the same time is a symbol of dishonest as it exists in actual life. Moreover, in reality, the common occurrence is that people are loved by those they do not love while those they love never expresses adequate intimate feelings towards them. The carelessness of the rich people in the book is as well used to emphasize reality. For instance the statement: They smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money and vast carelessness (Short and Leech 3). clearly shows the character of Tom and Daisy in the book, which is similar to that of rich people in real life. Therefore, the Great Gatsby is a perfect replica of love in reality. An emotion arousing experience and realistic experience expressed in the Great Gatsby makes the book a perfect love story. Although the novel has a tragic ending, it provides a realistic rather than an exaggerated love story, by providing an actual description of characters. In a similar manner in life, the rich people have not so good behaviors but they are able to get away with it. On the other hand, the not so rich people in the society do not achieve their objectives in the novel. Although the intention of the writer is not to discourage the poor, it is a common occurrence in the society that the poor mostly fail to achieve their objectives compared to the rich. Therefore, the pragmatic story combined with brilliantly described experiences, make the Great Gatsby one of the most exemplary love novels of all time.